The fiscal investment and loan system

Since FILS resources are public funds, its use is aimed at developing national welfare. During the postwar recovery period, FILP funds were directed mainly toward industrial policy. Since then, however, the emphasis has shifted toward standard of living and environmental concerns, such as water supply, sewers, housing, roads and other environmental facilities. In this way, FILS played a large role during the postwar recovery and high growth period. Even now it is believed to play an important role in the economy, but as the interest rate gap between FILS and the market diminishes, as private financial institutions resources and instruments grow, and as previously public enterprises become privatized, the conditions that surround FILS will change dramatically. Consequently, the need to disperse FILS resources will be far less than before; to continue using FILS efficiently, and to assure allocation in areas of true need, it will be necessary in the future to rationally reappraise the qualitative and quantitative use of the FILS' system

Comparative marketing performance between the Peruvian Cooperatives and the Intermediaries: Acopagro cooperative vs. Intermediaries- a Case Study

In the Peruvian jungle, there are two main cocoa marketing channels: the intermediaries and the cooperative. For example, the Acopagro Cooperative, a Peruvian organization, has contributed to the shift from illegal crops like coca to an alternative crop like cocoa which gives small scale farmers a sustainable welfare. Despite the fact that the Acopagro cooperative benefits their members by paying a fair price, supplying technical assistance and credit, many farmers still prefer commercializing their cocoa via the intermediaries. A further analysis of cocoa prices was carried out through personal interviews and a survey made between December 2009 and January 2010, of 243 farmers in Juanjui, San Martin, Peru's main cocoa production area. The outcomes demonstrate that there is not so much difference between the cocoa price that the farmers receive from the Cooperative versus through the intermediaries. The main difference is that Acopagro cooperative divides its surplus income among its members at the end of each fiscal year. These results are consistent with previous analysis1 that proved participant farmers are better paid for their product than non-participants. Moreover, there are significant differences in the agri-marketing functions performed by each marketing channel. Farmers who prefer to commercialize via the intermediaries do not choose this marketing channel mainly due to their desire to be independent in the market or their low cocoa production. Because high economies of scale are required for large volumes of produce, the cooperative should attract small scale farmers who distribute cocoa through intermediaries to become Acopagro members in order to satisfy international market demands.Acopagro cooperative, Peruvian jungle, intermediaries, cocoa, price, agri-marketing channel, marketing channel., Agribusiness,

テルル オヨビ セレン ノ オンキョウ コウガクテキ セイシツ ト ソノ オウヨウ ニ カンスル ケンキュウ

京都大学0048新制・論文博士工学博士乙第4192号論工博第1305号新制||工||481(附属図書館)UT51-55-F330(主査)教授 川端 昭, 教授 佐々木 昭夫, 教授 池上 淳一学位規則第5条第2項該当Kyoto UniversityDFA

In Vivo Distribution of 18F-fluoromisonidazole

開始ページ、終了ページ: 冊子体のページ付

Synthesis of Non-Steroidal Estrogen Receptor Antagonists R1128 A, B, C, and D via an Oxazoline-Promoted Iterative ortho-Lithiation Strategy

A concise total synthesis of non-steroidal estrogen receptor antagonists R1128 A–D (1a–1d) has been achieved using iterative ortho-lithiation of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,4-dimethyloxazoline (3) as the key reaction

Poorer prognosis with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-dependent pseudothrombocytopenia: a single-center case-control study.

In ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-dependent pseudothrombocytopenia (PTCP), automated platelet counts are lower than actual counts because of EDTA-induced aggregation. Factors contributing to the incidence of EDTA-PTCP are unknown, and no study has assessed the prognosis of EDTA-PTCP patients. This retrospective study assessed characteristics in EDTA-PTCP patients and matched controls to determine differences in prognosis. A retrospective case-control study was designed. From the University of Tokyo Hospital database, we identified patients diagnosed with EDTA-PTCP between 2009 and 2012, and performed 1:2 case:control matching for age and sex. A control group of sex- and age-matched patients was selected at random from the same database. We investigated differences in the frequency of complications, medication history, and blood transfusion history between the groups at the time of blood collection. Prognosis was evaluated using multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, autoimmune disease, liver disease, and malignant tumor. We identified 104 EDTA-PTCP patients and 208 matched controls. The median age was 69.0 years (interquartile range: 54-76), with men comprising 51%. EDTA-PTCP patients had a higher frequency of malignant tumor and a lower frequency of hypertension and diabetes than controls. After adjustment for background factors, prognosis of EDTA-PTCP patients was significantly poorer than controls (hazard ratio, 11.8; 95% confidence intervals, 2.62-53.54). In conclusion, EDTA-PTCP patients had higher mortality, and EDTA-PTCP may need to be recognized as an indicator of worse prognosis

Quadruple coaxial catheter system on transvenous embolization for dural arteriovenous fistula

Background: Although transvenous embolization (TVE) is an effective method for treating dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF), directing the catheter to the lesion site is difficult.Objective: We report on the utility of a quadruple coaxial catheter system for TVE.Materials and methods: The quadruple catheter system comprised a 6 Fr guiding sheath, 6 Fr guiding catheter, 4 Fr intermediate catheter, and a regular microcatheter. The system was utilized in 27 consecutive dural AVF cases treated with TVE. In this study, we reviewed our experience with this system, including the theory, method of use, and complications.Results: Stenosis or obstruction of the vascular access was identified in 12 cases. The catheter could not reach to the lesion in three cases of cavernous sinus (7.4%); therefore, transarterial embolization was employed. Angiographic results revealed that the cases consist of total occlusion (n = 16, 59.5%), subtotal (n = 10, 37.0%), and partial occlusion (n = 1, 3.7%). Complete resolution or improvement of symptoms was observed in 23 patients (85.2%), no improvement of symptoms was observed in three patients (7.4%), and deterioration of symptoms was observed in one patient (3.7%). Venous perforation occurred in one patient without any neurological deficit. The catheter system provided access to the lesion and provided stability during the mechanically demanding process navigating the catheter and placing the coils.Conclusion: We determined that the quadruple coaxial system was safe and efficient for TVE for dural AVF

Decision-making using preload stress echocardiography

Aims Abnormal left ventricular diastolic response to preload stress can be an early marker of heart failure (HF). The aim of this study was to assess clinical course in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) who underwent preload stress echocardiography. In the subgroup analysis, we assessed the prognosis of patients with unstable signs during preload stress classified by treatment strategies. Methods and results We prospectively conducted preload stress echocardiographic studies between January 2006 and December 2013 in 211 patients with HFpEF. Fifty-eight patients had abnormal diastolic reserve during preload stress (unstable impaired relaxation: unstable IR). Of 58 patients with unstable IR, 19 patients were assigned to additional therapy by increased or additional therapy and 39 patients were assigned to standard therapy. Composite outcomes were prespecified as the primary endpoint of death and hospitalization for deteriorating HF. During a median period of 6.9 years, 19 patients (33%) reached the composite outcome. Unstable group with standard therapy had significantly shorter event-free survival than stable group. Patients with uptitration of therapy had longer event-free survival than those with standard therapy group after adjustment of laboratory data (hazard ratio, 0.20, 95% confidence interval, 0.05–0.90; P = 0.036); the 10 year event-free survival in patients with and without uptitration of therapy was 93% and 51%, respectively (P = 0.023). Conclusions Patients with unstable sign had significantly shorter event-free survival than patients with stable sign. After additional therapy, the prognosis of patients with unstable signs improved. This technique may impact decision-making for improving their prognosis