Immunobiotic lactic acid bacteria beneficially regulate immune response triggered by poly(I:C) in porcine intestinal epithelial cells

This study analyzed the functional expression of TLR3 in various gastrointestinal tissues from adult swine and shows that TLR3 is expressed preferentially in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), CD172a+CD11R1high and CD4+ cells from ileal Peyer's patches. We characterized the inflammatory immune response triggered by TLR3 activation in a clonal porcine intestinal epitheliocyte cell line (PIE cells) and in PIE-immune cell co-cultures, and demonstrated that these systems are valuable tools to study in vitro the immune response triggered by TLR3 on IEC and the interaction between IEC and immune cells. In addition, we selected an immunobiotic lactic acid bacteria strain, Lactobacillus casei MEP221106, able to beneficially regulate the anti-viral immune response triggered by poly(I:C) stimulation in PIE cells. Moreover, we deepened our understanding of the possible mechanisms of immunobiotic action by demonstrating that L. casei MEP221106 modulates the interaction between IEC and immune cells during the generation of a TLR3-mediated immune response

The habu genome reveals accelerated evolution of venom protein genes

Evolution of novel traits is a challenging subject in biological research. Several snake lineages developed elaborate venom systems to deliver complex protein mixtures for prey capture. To understand mechanisms involved in snake venom evolution, we decoded here the ~1.4-Gb genome of a habu, Protobothrops flavoviridis. We identified 60 snake venom protein genes (SV) and 224 non-venom paralogs (NV), belonging to 18 gene families. Molecular phylogeny reveals early divergence of SV and NV genes, suggesting that one of the four copies generated through two rounds of whole-genome duplication was modified for use as a toxin. Among them, both SV and NV genes in four major components were extensively duplicated after their diversification, but accelerated evolution is evident exclusively in the SV genes. Both venom-related SV and NV genes are significantly enriched in microchromosomes. The present study thus provides a genetic background for evolution of snake venom composition

Immunobiotic Lactobacillus jensenii modulates toll-like receptor 4-induced inflammatory response via negative regulation in porcine antigen presenting cells

Previously, we demonstrated that Lactobacillus (L.) jensenii TL2937 attenuates the inflammatory response triggered by activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. In view of the critical importance of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) polarization in immunoregulation, the objective of the present study was to examine the effect of TL2937 strain on activation patterns of APCs from swine Peyer's patches (PPs). We demonstrated that direct exposure of porcine APCs to L. jensenii in the absence of inflammatory signals increased expression of IL-10 and TGF-β in CD172a+ APCs and caused them to display tolerogenic properties. In addition, pre-treatment of CD172a+ APCs with L. jensenii resulted in differential modulation of the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in response to TLR4 activation. The immunomodulatory effect of TL2937 strain was not related to a downregulation of TLR4 but an upregulation of the expression of three negative regulators of TLRs: SIGIRR, A20, and IRAK-M. Our results also indicated that TLR2 has an important role in the anti-inflammatory activity of L. jensenii TL2937 since anti-TLR2 antibodies blocked the upregulation of SIGIRR and IRAK-M in CD172a+ APCs and the production of IL-10 in response to TLR4 activation. We performed, for the first time, a precise functional characterization of porcine APCs from PPs, and we demonstrated that CD172a+ cells were tolerogenic. Our findings demonstrate that adherent cells and isolated CD172a+ cells harvested from swine PPs were useful for in vitro study of the inflammatory responses in the porcine gut and the immunomodulatory effects of immunobiotic microorganisms.Fil: Villena, Julio Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina. Tohuku University. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. Food Immunology Group; JapónFil: Suzuki, Rie. Tohuku University. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. Food Immunology Group; JapónFil: Fujie, Hitomi. Tohuku University. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. Food Immunology Group; JapónFil: Chiba, Eriko. Tohuku University. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. Food Immunology Group; JapónFil: Takahashi, Takuya. Tohuku University. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. Food Immunology Group; JapónFil: Tomosada, Yohsuke. Tohuku University. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. Food Immunology Group; JapónFil: Shimazu, Tomoyuki. Tohuku University. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. Food Immunology Group; JapónFil: Aso, Hisashi. Tohoku University. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. Cell Biology Laboratory; JapónFil: Ohwada, Shuichi. Tohoku University. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. Cell Biology Laboratory; JapónFil: Suda, Yoshihito. Miyagi University. Department of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Science; JapónFil: Ikegami, Shuji. Meiji Dairies Corporation. Division of Research and Development; JapónFil: Itoh, Hiroyuki. Meiji Dairies Corporation. Division of Research and Development; JapónFil: Alvarez, Gladis Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; ArgentinaFil: Saito, Tadao. Tohuku University. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. Food Immunology Group; JapónFil: Kitazawa, Haruki. Tohuku University. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. Food Immunology Group; Japó

Toll-like receptor-2-activating bifidobacteria strains differentially regulate inflammatory cytokines in the porcine intestinal epithelial cell culture system: Finding new anti-inflammatory immunobiotics

A total of 23 strains of bifidobacteria taxonomically belonging to five species were tested for their potent immunomodulatory effect using a combination of two methods: the NF-κB-reporter assay using a toll-like receptor 2-expressing transfectant (HEK pTLR2 system) and the mitogenic assay using porcine Peyer's patches immunocompetent cells. Among the four preselected strains from different immunomodulatory groups, Bifidobacterium breve MCC-117 was able to efficiently modulate the inflammatory response triggered by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in a porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cell line. Moreover, using PIE cells and swine Peyer's patches immunocompetent cell co-culture system, we demonstrated that the immunoregulatory effect of B. breve MCC-117 was related to the capacity of the strain to influence PIE and immune cell interactions, leading to the stimulation of regulatory T cells. The results suggested that bifidobacteria that express high activity in both the HEK pTLR2 and the mitogenic assays may behave like potential anti-inflammatory strains. The combination of the HEK pTLR2 system, the evaluation of mitogenic activity and PIE cells will be of value for the development of new immunologically functional foods and feeds that could prevent inflammatory intestinal disorders. Although our findings should be proven in appropriate experiments in vivo, the results of the present work provide a scientific rationale for the use of B. breve MCC-117 to prevent ETEC-induced intestinal inflammation.Fil: Fujie, Hitomi. Tohoku University; JapónFil: Villena, Julio Cesar. Tohoku University; Japón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; ArgentinaFil: Tohno, Masanori. National Agricultural Research Organization. National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science. Functional Feed Research Team; JapónFil: Morie, Kyoko. Tohoku University; JapónFil: Shimazu, Tomoyuki. Tohoku University; JapónFil: Aso, Hisashi. Tohoku University; JapónFil: Suda, Yoshihito. Miyagi University; JapónFil: Shimosato, Takeshi. Shinshu University; JapónFil: Iwabuchi, Noriyuki. Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd. Food Science and Technology Institute; JapónFil: Xiao, Jin-Zhong. Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd. Food Science and Technology Institute; JapónFil: Yaeshima, Tomoko. Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd. Food Science and Technology Institute; JapónFil: Iwatsuki, Keiji. Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd. Food Science and Technology Institute; JapónFil: Saito, Tadao. Tohoku University; JapónFil: Numasaki, Muneo. Josai University; JapónFil: Kitazawa, Haruki. Tohoku University; Japó

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"月経に関しては,女子の集団においても,あまり話題にされない.また,病気ではないため,研究対象として報告されることも少ない しかし,現実には月経に関して,体調をくずしたり,精神的に不安定だったりする事は個人的に多々あると推察される よりよい過ごし方を模索するためには実態が明らかにされる必要がある.そこで女性の月経の実態を明らかにするために,今回は,三つの世代を対象に,初潮年齢,月経周期,月経期間,更に月経前緊恨症,月経困難症について調査した.