How is rape a weapon of war?: feminist international relations, modes of critical explanation and the study of wartime sexual violence

Rape is a weapon of war. Establishing this now common claim has been an achievement of feminist scholarship and activism and reveals wartime sexual violence as a social act marked by gendered power. But the consensus that rape is a weapon of war obscures important, and frequently unacknowledged, differences in ways of understanding and explaining it. This article opens these differences to analysis. Drawing on recent debates regarding the philosophy of social science in IR and social theory, it interprets feminist accounts of wartime sexual violence in terms of modes of critical explanation – expansive styles of reasoning that foreground particular actors, mechanisms, reasons and stories in the formulation of research. The idea of a mode of critical explanation is expanded upon through a discussion of the role of three elements (analytical wagers, narrative scripts and normative orientations) which accomplish the theoretical work of modes. Substantive feminist accounts of wartime sexual violence are then differentiated in terms of three modes – of instrumentality, unreason and mythology – which implicitly structure different understandings of how rape might be a weapon of war. These modes shape political and ethical projects and so impact not only on questions of scholarly content but also on the ways in which we attempt to mitigate and abolish war rape. Thinking in terms of feminist modes of critical explanation consequently encourages further work in an unfolding research agenda. It clarifes the ways in which an apparently commonality of position can conceal meaningful disagreements about human action. Exposing these disagreements opens up new possibilities for the analysis of war rape

Fugazi lyric sheet, July 1988

Lyric sheet for the punk band Fugazi from the band's concert at the Wilson Center in Washington, D.C. on July 28, 1988

Flier for a concert to benefit the DC Free Clinic featuring Fugazi, False Face Society, Crash Worship at St. Augustine's School, July 6

Flier to benefit the DC Free Clinic featuring Fugazi, False Face Society, and Crash Worship at St; Augustine School on July 6. The flier features a quote on the footer stating, \you are not what you own....\ and in the background, Giorgio Beverly Hills perfume bottles

Adaptive Video Gaming in the Classroom

Technology influences all occupations, and video games can be considered the modern form of play (Smith, 2017). Video games lead to motor and social benefits, as well as influencing the cognition of gamers (Granic, Lobel & Engles, 2014; Hsieh et al., 2015; Sandlund et al., 2014). In children, these social benefits can be seen through peer training and scaffolding. Through social learning, a peer can more easily transfer the learning to their experience (Clinton & Wilson, 2019; Dukuzumuremyi & Siklanderp, 2018). Peer training is a pertinent tool in the educational standard of collaboration and social engagement (California State Board of Education, 2013). The Microsoft® Xbox adaptive video game controller (adapted controller) is a form of universally designed controller that allows for inclusive video gameplay for people with physical disabilities. The adapted controller was designed in collaboration with three occupational therapists (Yamkovenko, 2019). However, no research has been done utilizing the adaptive controller describing how it works and its benefits, especially within the classroom. Therefore, the purpose of our project is to create a program that implements the adaptive gaming system in the school day to benefit the students who may be unable to engage in play with peers at school. Our capstone team developed a website to support use of the Microsoft Xbox Adaptive Controller in the classroom

Adaptive Video Gaming in the Classroom

Background: Limited resources exist to support adaptive gaming in school programming using Microsoft® Xbox Adaptive Controller for children. On the other hand, there is abundant evidence supporting motor, cognitive, and social benefits to gaming in rehabilitation. Objectives: The goal of this program development project was to create a virtual gaming toolkit to support the interdisciplinary team’s use of adaptive gaming during school programming. Methods: Through our needs assessment and collaboration with our community partner, we discussed the parent and caregiver need for guidance in order to use the Microsoft® Xbox Adaptive Controller and facilitate gameplay with peers. Through an extensive review of the literature and in-depth activity analysis of the gaming console and games, we developed a resource website containing: informative game sheets, visual overlays, links to relevant California Common Core State Standards, and instructional videos. Results: An in-depth survey was developed as part of the website. Ten surveyors analyzed the gaming toolkit had positive attitudes towards the content and the relation to the school criteria. Conclusion: Literature identifies video games as a way to improve a child\u27s motor, cognitive, and social skills. However, no research demonstrates the Microsoft® Xbox Adaptive Controller’s role in-school programming. We designed a virtual gaming toolkit to promote the use of the controller so it can be used by the interprofessional team

Fugazi “Instrument” premiere flier – Sidwell Friends School Caplan Theatre, Washington, D.C., April 16, 1999

Flier promoting the premiere screening of "Instrument," a documentary film on the Washington, D.C. punk band Fugazi. The film was directed by Jem Cohen and premiered at the Sidwell Friends School's Caplan Theatre on April 16, 1999

Flier for a concert benefiting Alternative Media featuring Fugazi, Citizen Fish, Cringer, and Autoclave at Sacred Heart Church, April 12

Flier for a concert benefiting Alternative Media featuring Fugazi, Citizen Fish (from England), Cringer (from San Francisco), and Autoclave at Sacred Heart Church on Friday, April 12th, all ages. Flier features quote from \Art School\ by The Jam.Year unknow

Flier for a concert benefiting Maryland For Choice featuring Fugazi, Lungfish, and Wod at Steelworkers Hall No. 2610, October 25, 1992. The reverse is a flier for a concert benefiting Inner City Transformation featuring Fugazi, Chumbawamba, and Negu Gorriak at Sanctuary Theater, October 23

Flier for a concert benefiting Maryland For Choice, a voters' rights and information organization, featuring Fugazi, Lungfish, and Wod at Steelworkers Hall #2610 on Sunday, October 25, 1992. Organized by Positive Force DC. Flier for a concert benefiting Inner City Transformation featuring Fugazi, Chumbawamba, and Negu Gorriak at Sanctuary Theater on Friday, October 23. Organized by Positive Force DC. Profits go to Washington Inner-City Self Help and After School Kids (ASK). All ages