1,436 research outputs found
Ising-like transitions in the O() loop model on the square lattice
We explore the phase diagram of the O() loop model on the square lattice
in the plane, where is the weight of a lattice edge covered by a
loop. These results are based on transfer-matrix calculations and finite-size
scaling. We express the correlation length associated with the staggered loop
density in the transfer-matrix eigenvalues. The finite-size data for this
correlation length, combined with the scaling formula, reveal the location of
critical lines in the diagram. For we find Ising-like phase transitions
associated with the onset of a checkerboard-like ordering of the elementary
loops, i.e., the smallest possible loops, with the size of an elementary face,
which cover precisely one half of the faces of the square lattice at the
maximum loop density. In this respect, the ordered state resembles that of the
hard-square lattice gas with nearest-neighbor exclusion, and the finiteness of
represents a softening of its particle-particle potentials. We also
determine critical points in the range . It is found that the
topology of the phase diagram depends on the set of allowed vertices of the
loop model. Depending on the choice of this set, the transition may
continue into the dense phase of the loop model, or continue as a
line of O() multicritical points
Special transitions in an O() loop model with an Ising-like constraint
We investigate the O() nonintersecting loop model on the square lattice
under the constraint that the loops consist of ninety-degree bends only. The
model is governed by the loop weight , a weight for each vertex of the
lattice visited once by a loop, and a weight for each vertex visited twice
by a loop. We explore the phase diagram for some values of . For
, the diagram has the same topology as the generic O() phase diagram
with , with a first-order line when starts to dominate, and an
O()-like transition when starts to dominate. Both lines meet in an
exactly solved higher critical point. For , the O()-like transition
line appears to be absent. Thus, for , the phase diagram displays
a line of phase transitions for . The line ends at in an
infinite-order transition. We determine the conformal anomaly and the critical
exponents along this line. These results agree accurately with a recent
proposal for the universal classification of this type of model, at least in
most of the range . We also determine the exponent describing
crossover to the generic O() universality class, by introducing topological
defects associated with the introduction of `straight' vertices violating the
ninety-degree-bend rule. These results are obtained by means of transfer-matrix
calculations and finite-size scaling.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figure
A Covert Data Transport Protocol
Both enterprise and national firewalls filter network connections. For data
forensics and botnet removal applications, it is important to establish the
information source. In this paper, we describe a data transport layer which
allows a client to transfer encrypted data that provides no discernible
information regarding the data source. We use a domain generation algorithm
(DGA) to encode AES encrypted data into domain names that current tools are
unable to reliably differentiate from valid domain names. The domain names are
registered using (free) dynamic DNS services. The data transmission format is
not vulnerable to Deep Packet Inspection (DPI).Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, conferenc
Alkyl-Alkyl Suzuki Cross-Coupling of Unactivated Secondary Alkyl Chlorides
No such thing as a problem substrate! In a reaction designed specifically for the title substrates C-C coupling with alkyl boranes occurred in good yield at room temperature with commercially available catalyst components (see scheme). This versatile method is also suitable for Suzuki reactions of secondary and primary alkyl bromides and iodides, as well as primary alkyl chlorides.National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U.S.) (Grant R01-GM62871)Eli Lilly and Company (Fellowship)Martin Family Society of Fellows for Sustainability (Fellowship)Merck Research LaboratoriesNovartis (Firm
Alkyl-Alkyl Suzuki Cross-Coupling of Unactivated Secondary Alkyl Chlorides
No such thing as a problem substrate! In a reaction designed specifically for the title substrates C-C coupling with alkyl boranes occurred in good yield at room temperature with commercially available catalyst components (see scheme). This versatile method is also suitable for Suzuki reactions of secondary and primary alkyl bromides and iodides, as well as primary alkyl chlorides
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