PL - 029 Responses of Urine and Blood Biochemical Markers to Exercise-induced Body Fluid Losses in Elite Chinese Road Cyclists

Objective To examine biochemistry parameters regarding exercise induced fatigue, e.g. Sweat Loss (SL), Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Blood Urinary Nitrogen (BUN), etc. Methods This study examined Sweat Loss and blood biochemistry biomarkers regarding fatigue and muscle injury among elite cyclists under a training mode of 120 min moderate workload at 50 - 70% VO2max, then, 10 min relaxation, and then, followed up with a 20 min of spinning session over 85% VO2max. 12 healthy elite Chinese male cyclists (22.6 ± 2.9 years old, 78.3 ± 5.7 kg in weight, 184.6 ± 4.3 cm in height) were recruited. They performed four exercise performance tests throughout this study with 15 days washout period in between. Blood serum tests and urine tests were taken both pre- and post-exercise tests, and dynamic cardio-respiratory hardware (MetaMax 3B, Cortex Biophysik, Germany) was applied during each of their test. There were 2 different sport beverages available. The fluid replacement plan was a double blind crossover design. The volume of fluid intake was in accordance with ACSM recommendation for fluid replacement. Those who were assigned with sport beverage A (6% carbohydrate with 1% peptide) for the first and second performance tests, will be re-assigned to sport beverage B (6% carbohydrate without peptide) for the third and fourth performance tests, vice versa. Notes were taken for the volume of fluid intake to calculate the estimated Sweat Loss. Results We found 91.7% trials have increased LDH, 88.9% trials have increased CK, and 100% trials have been observed increased BUN right after exercise performance test. Even with sufficient water supply, athletes hydration status were getting worse after exercise performance test, their urine USG results were 1.024 ± 0.006 and 1.027 ± 0.006 for pre- and post-exercise performance test respectively. Their dehydration status quantified by the percentage change in body mass (%BM) was 1.86% ± 1.03% with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 1.57% to 2.15%. Conclusions Though, with sufficient water supply, athletes hydration status were getting worse after exercise performance test considering Sweat Loss and blood biochemistry indicators regarding fatigue and muscle injury

Pedigree-based QTL analysis of flower size traits in two multi-parental diploid rose populations

Rose (Rosa spp.) is one of the most economically important ornamental species worldwide. Flower diameter, flower weight, and the number of petals and petaloids are key flower-size parameters and attractive targets for DNA-informed breeding. Pedigree-based analysis (PBA) using FlexQTL software was conducted using two sets of multi-parental diploid rose populations. Phenotypic data for flower diameter (Diam), flower weight (fresh (FWT)/dry (DWT)), number of petals (NP), and number of petaloids (PD) were collected over six environments (seasons) at two locations in Texas. The objectives of this study were to 1) identify new and/or validate previously reported QTL(s); 2) identify SNP haplotypes associated with QTL alleles (Q-/q-) of a trait and their sources; and 3) determine QTL genotypes for important rose breeding parents. Several new and previously reported QTLs for NP and Diam traits were identified. In addition, QTLs associated with flower weight and PD were identified for the first time. Two major QTLs with large effects were mapped for all traits. The first QTL was at the distal end of LG1 (60.44–60.95 Mbp) and was associated with Diam and DWT in the TX2WOB populations. The second QTL was consistently mapped in the middle region on LG3 (30.15–39.34 Mbp) and associated with NP, PD, and flower weight across two multi-parent populations (TX2WOB and TX2WSE). Haplotype results revealed a series of QTL alleles with differing effects at important loci for most traits. This work is distinct from previous studies by conducting co-factor analysis to account for the DOUBLE FLOWER locus while mapping QTL for NP. Sources of high-value (Q) alleles were identified, namely, ‘Old Blush’ and Rosa wichuraiana from J14-3 for Diam, while ‘Violette’ and PP-J14-3 were sources for other traits. In addition, the source of the low-value (q) alleles for Diam was ‘Little Chief’, and Rosa wichuraiana through J14-3 was the source for the remaining traits. Hence, our results can potentially inform parental/seedling selections as means to improve ornamental quality in roses and a step towards implementing DNA-informed techniques for use in rose breeding programs

Pedigree-based analysis in multi-parental diploid rose populations reveals QTLs for cercospora leaf spot disease resistance

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) (Cercospora rosicola) is a major fungal disease of roses (Rosa sp.) in the southeastern U.S. Developing CLS-resistant cultivars offers a potential solution to reduce pesticide use. Yet, no work has been performed on CLS resistance. This study aimed to identify QTLs and to characterize alleles for resistance to CLS. The study used pedigree-based QTL analysis to dissect the genetic basis of CLS resistance using two multi-parental diploid rose populations (TX2WOB and TX2WSE) evaluated across five years in two Texas locations. A total 38 QTLs were identified across both populations and distributed over all linkage groups. Three QTLs on LG3, LG4, and LG6 were consistently mapped over multiple environments. The LG3 QTL was mapped in a region between 18.9 and 27.8 Mbp on the Rosa chinensis genome assembly. This QTL explained 13 to 25% of phenotypic variance. The LG4 QTL detected in the TX2WOB population spanned a 35.2 to 39.7 Mbp region with phenotypic variance explained (PVE) up to 48%. The LG6 QTL detected in the TX2WSE population was localized to 17.9 to 33.6 Mbp interval with PVE up to 36%. Also, this study found multiple degrees of favorable allele effects (q-allele) associated with decreasing CLS at major loci. Ancestors ‘OB’, ‘Violette’, and PP-M4-4 were sources of resistance q-alleles. These results will aid breeders in parental selection to develop CLS-resistant rose cultivars. Ultimately, high throughput DNA tests that target major loci for CLS could be developed for routine use in a DNA-informed breeding program

EspF of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Enhances Apoptosis via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Intestinal Epithelial Cells: An Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation-Based Comparative Proteomic Analysis.

There have been large foodborne outbreaks related to Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) around the world. Among its virulence proteins, the EspF encoded by locus of enterocyte effacement is one of the most known functional effector proteins. In this research, we infected the HT-29 cells with the EHEC wild type strain and EspF-deficient EHEC strain. Via the emerging technique isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), we explored the pathogenic characteristics of EspF within host cells. Our data showed that the differences regarding cellular responses mainly contained immune regulation, protein synthesis, signal transduction, cellular assembly and organization, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis. Notably, compared with the EspF-deficient strain, the protein processing in the ER and ribosome were upregulated during wild type (WT) infection. Our findings proved that the EspF of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli induced ER stress in intestinal epithelial cells; the ER stress-dependent apoptosis pathway was also activated within the host cells. This study provides insight into the virulence mechanism of protein EspF, which will deepen our general understanding of A/E pathogens and their interaction with host proteins

Bypassing the Heat Risk and Efficacy Limitations of Pulsed 630 nm LED Photobiomodulation Therapy for Anti-Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Prospective Randomized Cross-Over Trial

In recent years, photobiomodulation (PBM) has attracted widespread attention for the treatment of various causes of pain and inflammation. Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a common gynecological condition characterized by severe menstrual pain, and the limited effectiveness and side effects of conventional treatments have highlighted the urgent need to develop and identify new adjunct therapeutic strategies. The present study from the perspective of light morphology aimed to bypass the heat risk limitation and evaluate the efficacy and safety of pulsed 630 nm PBM therapy for reducing pain associated with PD. The pulse light parameters were designed according to the transmittance of red light. In this randomized, cross-over design, sham-controlled study, 46 women with PD were included and randomly assigned to either pulsed 630 nm light therapy or white light sham control therapy. The intervention lasted for 20 min per day and was administered for 7 consecutive days before and during menstruation. The results showed that the pulsed 630 nm PBM treatment demonstrated a significant reduction in pain levels compared to the placebo treatment (p < 0.001), with 55.00% of active treatment participants experiencing a pain intensity differential concentration exceeding 50.00%. Moreover, participants reported an improved quality of life during the active treatment phase and generally preferred it as a more effective method for relieving PD. No adverse events or side effects were reported throughout the trial. Based on the results, pulsed 630 nm LED therapy showed significant relief of menstrual pain compared to white light placebo treatment and improved quality of life under certain circumstances. Therefore, this study proposes that pulsed red light PBM therapy may be a promising approach for future clinical treatment of PD

The EspF N-Terminal of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933w Imparts Stronger Toxicity Effects on HT-29 Cells than the C-Terminal

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 EspF is an important multifunctional protein that destroys the tight junctions of intestinal epithelial cells and promotes host cell apoptosis. However, its molecular mechanism remains elusive. We knocked out the espF sequence (747 bp, ΔespF), N-terminal sequence (219 bp, ΔespFN), and C-terminal sequence (528 bp, ΔespFC) separately using the pKD46-mediated λ Red homologous recombination system. Then, we built the corresponding complementation strains, namely, ΔespF/pespF, ΔespFN/pespFN, and ΔespFC/pespFC by overlap PCR, which were used in infecting HT-29 cells and BALB/C mice. The level of reactive oxygen species, cell apoptosis, mitochondrial trans-membrane potential, inflammatory factors, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), and animal mortality were evaluated by DCFH-DA, double staining of Annexin V-FITC/PI, JC-1 staining, ELISA kit, and a mouse assay. The wild-type (WT), ΔespF, ΔespF/pespF, ΔespFC, ΔespFC/pespFC, ΔespFN, and ΔespFN/pespFN groups exhibited apoptotic rates of 68.3, 27.9, 64.9, 65.7, 73.4, 41.3, and 35.3% respectively, and mean TNF-α expression levels of 428 pg/mL, 342, 466, 446, 381, 383, and 374 pg/mL, respectively. In addition, the apoptotic rates and TNF-α levels of the WT, ΔespF/pespF, and ΔespFC were significantly higher than that of ΔespF, ΔespFN, ΔespFC/pespFC, and ΔespFN/pespFN group (p &lt; 0.05). The N-terminal of EspF resulted in an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, TNF-α secretion, ROS generation, mitochondria apoptosis, and pathogenicity in BalB/c mice. In conclusion, the N-terminal domain of the Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 EspF more strongly promotes apoptosis and inflammation than the C-terminal domain

Unexpected inheritance pattern of Erianthus arundinaceus chromosomes in the intergeneric progeny between Saccharum spp. and Erianthus arundinaceus.

Erianthus arundinaceus is a valuable source of agronomic traits for sugarcane improvement such as ratoonability, biomass, vigor, tolerance to drought and water logging, as well as resistance to pests and disease. To investigate the introgression of the E. arundinaceus genome into sugarcane, five intergeneric F1 hybrids between S. officinarum and E. arundinaceus and 13 of their BC1 progeny were studied using the genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) technique. In doing so, we assessed the chromosome composition and chromosome transmission in these plants. All F1 hybrids were aneuploidy, containing either 28 or 29 E. arundinaceus chromosomes. The number of E. arundinaceus chromosomes in nine of the BC1 progeny was less than or equal to 29. Unexpectedly, the number of E. arundinaceus chromosomes in the other four BC1 progeny was above 29, which was more than in their F1 female parents. This is the first cytogenetic evidence for an unexpected inheritance pattern of E. arundinaceus chromosomes in sugarcane. We pointed to several mechanisms that may be involved in generating more than 2n gametes in the BC1 progeny. Furthermore, the implication of these results for sugarcane breeding programs was discussed

Chromosome composition of the intergeneric BC₂ and BC₃ progeny between <i>Saccharum</i> spp. and <i>E</i>. <i>arundinaceus</i>.

<p><b>Note:</b> Since small variation of chromosome counts can occur due to the loss or the overlapping of a few chromosomes from the preparation, the modal number of chromosomes and the range of total numbers of chromosomes in 2n cell are presented for the sugarcane clones analyzed. S and E indicate <i>Saccharum</i> spp. chromosome and <i>E</i>. <i>arundinaceus</i> chromosome, respectively. S/E and E/S indicate <i>Saccharum</i> spp. centromere with <i>E</i>. <i>arundinaceus</i> chromosome segment and <i>E</i>. <i>arundinaceus</i> centromere with <i>Saccharum</i> spp. chromosome segment, respectively.</p><p>Chromosome composition of the intergeneric BC₂ and BC₃ progeny between <i>Saccharum</i> spp. and <i>E</i>. <i>arundinaceus</i>.</p

The intergeneric BC₂ and BC₃ progeny between <i>Saccharum</i> spp. and <i>E</i>. <i>arundinaceus</i>.

<p><b>Note</b>: “YCE” series are the progeny of <i>E</i>. <i>arundinaceus</i>, the other plant materials are the commercial cultivars containing germplasm from <i>Saccharum</i> spp. without contribution from <i>E</i>. <i>arundinaceus</i>.</p><p>The intergeneric BC₂ and BC₃ progeny between <i>Saccharum</i> spp. and <i>E</i>. <i>arundinaceus</i>.</p