Using the Kaban Lakes Integrated Assessment Model for Investigating Potential Levels of Antibiotic Pollution of the Nizhniy Kaban and Sredniy Kaban Lakes

© 2020, The Author(s). The Kaban Lakes Integrated Assessment Model (KLIAM) was enhanced in order to assess the possible content of antibiotics in the Kaban lakes, located within the city borders of Kazan City, Tatarstan Republic in the Russian Federation, and potential for adverse environmental effects. The Kaban Lakes Integrated Assessment Model simulations suggest that the concentrations in the Nizhniy Kaban lake and Sredniy Kaban lake may exceed the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) and low-risk limits set by EU and the WHO. Many missing data could be assumed or approximated, and simulation runs were conducted. The results are consistent with other global studies in terms of average concentrations observed elsewhere in rivers and lakes. The results suggest that the study should be followed up with lake water analysis and an assessment of antibiotic loads to the Kaban lakes. It is concluded that the results are too uncertain to initiate any policy action at the present moment and that an assessment supported by measurements would be warranted

Developing a System Dynamics Model for the Nizhniy Kaban and Sredniy Kaban Lakes, Kazan, Russia, Assessing the Impacts of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Inputs on Lake Ecology

The Kaban Lakes Integrated Assessment Model (KLIAM) was developed for the lake hydrology, chemistry, and plankton dynamics of the Nizhniy Kaban and Sredniy Kaban lakes, Kazan, Russia. KLIAM is able to describe the variations seen in the Kaban lakes chemical and biological states as far seen through measurements available at the moment. KLIAM is able to reconstruct the lake history as it is approximately known from the data and written narratives. KLIAM was used to assess the measures to return the lakes to their original pre-urban status as alkaline and semi-oligotrophic lakes. The Kaban Lakes periodically goes through plankton blooms, as seen in the lake in the last decades since before World War II, which are caused by plankton growth promoted by phosphorus and nitrogen coming to the lakes as pollution from the human environment. In the new plans for development of the area surrounding the Nizhniy Kaban and Sredniy Kaban lakes, we suggest that attention is paid to reducing phosphorus and nitrogen flows to the lakes, as the best way to improve their ecological status. This is based on simulations with KLIAM. We recommend that the monitoring of lake chemistry and lake ecology is improved with reoccurring analysis of samples from the Kaban Lakes

Using a System Dynamics Model for Investigating Potential Levels of Antibiotics Pollution in the Volga River

© 2020, The Author(s). We have modelled the possible antibiotics concentrations at different nodes along the Volga River using a system dynamics model developed for the purpose. The antibiotics concentrations in the river estimated using the model are far above the proposed no effect concentrations (PNEC) limits suggested by the WHO and EU European Environmental Agency at 0.1 μg/l total antibiotics water content. Concentrations in the range of 0.1 to more than 4 μg/l have been simulated with the model. A part of this comes from use in the agricultural sector. The simulations were done with a system dynamics model built for the purpose. The Volga model simulations are uncertain because of lack of measurements in the river and lack of accurate estimates of antibiotics loads from medical and agricultural use. The picture is consistent with observations in earlier international studies from various rivers in the world. To comply with the suggested PNEC limit, the medical pollution to Volga needs to be reduced by 90%

Challenges of the Judicial Systems of the Russian Federation and People's Republic of China in the Era of the Pandemic

The current situation has demonstrated the weak and strong sides of the spheres of life of society in the world. One of the weakest in the Russian Federation was the activity of the judiciary. The procedural legislation of the Russian Federation is based on the main basic principles, such as: legality, directness and oral proceedings, transparency, equality of the parties and others, the implementation of online dispute resolution to practice. Despite the adoption of various targeted programs to reform and modernize the judicial system of the Russian Federation, it is impossible to speak about their success, since the situation with the pandemic demonstrated the shortcomings of legal regulation, technical equipment and the unwillingness of most of the population to switch to a new digital format of life. Currently, the activity of the courts is aimed at stabilizing the entire judicial system by switching to an electronic form of interaction between all participants in court proceedings. The judicial community has realized the need to adapt new modern information and telecommunications technologies. China is a successful foreign experience of switching to an electronic judicial platform, which since 2017 has already created three Internet courts, and during the pandemic, so far we can talk about creating a new judicial system under the name of the Internet judicial system of the People's Republic of China

Challenges of the Judicial Systems of the Russian Federation and People’s Republic of China in the Era of the Pandemic

The current situation has demonstrated the weak and strong sides of the spheres of life of society in the world. One of the weakest in the Russian Federation was the activity of the judiciary. The procedural legislation of the Russian Federation is based on the main basic principles, such as: legality, directness and oral proceedings, transparency, equality of the parties and others, the implementation of online dispute resolution to practice. Despite the adoption of various targeted programs to reform and modernize the judicial system of the Russian Federation, it is impossible to speak about their success, since the situation with the pandemic demonstrated the shortcomings of legal regulation, technical equipment and the unwillingness of most of the population to switch to a new digital format of life. Currently, the activity of the courts is aimed at stabilizing the entire judicial system by switching to an electronic form of interaction between all participants in court proceedings. The judicial community has realized the need to adapt new modern information and telecommunications technologies. China is a successful foreign experience of switching to an electronic judicial platform, which since 2017 has already created three Internet courts, and during the pandemic, so far we can talk about creating a new judicial system under the name of the Internet judicial system of the People's Republic of China. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Development of Russian venture entrepreneurship by activating project financing of innovation activity

The goal of this article is to substantiate the reasonability of using the project financing (as a new and the most progressive form of investments) for stimulating the entrepreneurial activity in the Russian venture segment. Based on the materials stated herein, it is possible to formulate the following basic conditions: • Innovation activity and development of venture entrepreneurship are the most principle conditions that provide the macro-economic stability and balanced economic growth, • Venture entrepreneurship in Russia has not yet been sufficiently developed, which is related to including the incomplete process of forming the innovation infrastructure required for implementing progressive innovation ideas, • Insufficiency and in some cases non-availability of investment resources seriously hinders the activation of innovation activity in the entrepreneurial segment, • Project financing is an optimal form to attract investments in the innovation activity, as well as in commercially successful programs and projects offered for the implementation by venture entrepreneurs, and • Becoming of the institute of project financing requires changing approaches to crediting small and medium-sized entrepreneurship by Russian commercial banks and other financial and investment structures. Besides, project financing requires changes in the state economic and financial and credit policy, which is important to pursue now. © 2017

Development of Russian venture entrepreneurship by activating project financing of innovation activity

The goal of this article is to substantiate the reasonability of using the project financing (as a new and the most progressive form of investments) for stimulating the entrepreneurial activity in the Russian venture segment. Based on the materials stated herein, it is possible to formulate the following basic conditions: • Innovation activity and development of venture entrepreneurship are the most principle conditions that provide the macro-economic stability and balanced economic growth, • Venture entrepreneurship in Russia has not yet been sufficiently developed, which is related to including the incomplete process of forming the innovation infrastructure required for implementing progressive innovation ideas, • Insufficiency and in some cases non-availability of investment resources seriously hinders the activation of innovation activity in the entrepreneurial segment, • Project financing is an optimal form to attract investments in the innovation activity, as well as in commercially successful programs and projects offered for the implementation by venture entrepreneurs, and • Becoming of the institute of project financing requires changing approaches to crediting small and medium-sized entrepreneurship by Russian commercial banks and other financial and investment structures. Besides, project financing requires changes in the state economic and financial and credit policy, which is important to pursue now. © 2017