Transgender Identity in Pre-modern Japan

This paper examines the documented history of transgender identity in pre-modern Japan. Through literary analysis of the Torikaebaya Monogatari and depictions of Kabuki actors and sex workers in woodblock prints, transgender individuals’s place in Japanese society is deconstructed, societal view of LGBTQIA+ individuals during these periods is interpreted, and where trasngender people were most prevalent in society is determined

CHALLENGES IN THE SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION OF DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE

The three studies in this dissertation bring together quantitative and qualitative methods in order to understand L2 learning of derivational morphology. By using measures of derivational knowledge developed from L1 research, Study 1 provides a foundation for in-class research by assessing what L2 learners know and do not know about derivational morphology in comparison to adult native English speakers and how factors such as L1 background and L2 proficiency shape L2 knowledge of derivational morphology. Results show that L2 learners have poor knowledge of derivational morphology regardless of L1 background or L2 proficiency.Study 2 follows from these results and investigates the effects of input-processing versus pushed output instruction on the development of productive and receptive morphological abilities. The results of this study support the hypothesis that instruction is beneficial for L2 derivational learning; however, results do not support the hypothesis that pushed output instruction leads to better immediate and long-term learning than the input-processing condition. In fact, results suggest that equivalent learning occurs between the two conditions across all measures of derivational knowledge.Finally, Study 3 was a qualitative investigation of learners' attitudes, actions, and motivations towards the learning of derivational morphology over the course of Study 2. Using activity theory, this study describes how students' initial actions, which were not aligned with the goal of morphological learning, were transformed over the course of the study as students came to realize the importance of derivational morphology for their success in English. The results of this study are also important because they offer an alternative explanation for why the hypotheses in Study 2 regarding the effectiveness of output were not supported. Specifically, many participants in this study became aware of derivational morphology for the first time as a result of this study; therefore, a "novelty effect" (cf. Tulving & Kroll, 1995) may have overridden any potential benefit of the output treatment over the input treatment

You Pay Your Share, We\u27Ll Pay Our Share : The College Cost Burden and the Role of Race, Income, and College Assets

Changes in financial aid policies may place too much of the burden of paying for college on students. In addition, incentives for accumulating college assets may exacerbate the college cost burden on minority and lower income students. Our study investigated the impacts of these policy changes on college cost burden using trivariate probit analysis with predicted probabilities. We find that recent changes in the financial aid system place a higher responsibility on African American, Latino/Hispanic, and moderate-income students to pay for college themselves. an implication is that greater opportunities for more and higher dollar grants and scholarships at 4-year colleges are needed for African Americans. Further, there is a need to create more grants and scholarships that target Latino/Hispanic students as well as moderate-income students at both 2-year and 4-year colleges. We also find that students are less likely to pay for college with student contributions when parents open a savings account, start a state-sponsored savings plan, or open a college investment fund . However, nonminority and higher-income families are more likely to have college assets than their counterparts. Therefore, we suggest an additional strategy to to reduce the college cost burden on students is to create policies that will encourage accumulation of college assets among minority and lower-income families

The Potential for Savings Accounts to Protect Young-Adult Households from Unsecured Debt in Periods of Macroeconomic Stability and Decline

The effects of different types of debt can vary widely: some debt is considered productive by advancing financial health, while other debt can be unproductive, pushing financial health out of reach. A savings account may be associated with young-adult households’ reduced reliance on unproductive debt and their increased access to productive debt that can facilitate wealth building. This article tests the association between a savings account and debt in the lives of American young adults during periods of macroeconomic stability and decline. Owning a savings account in 1996 was associated with a 14 percent decrease (844) in young − adult households′ accumulated unsecured debt, while closing an accounting 2008 was associated with a 12 percent increase (1,320) in this type of debt. Thus, a savings account may help young adults invest in their debt by entering better, healthier credit markets and protecting them from riskier ones, especially during bad economic times

Testing an Asset-Building Approach for Young People: Early Access to Savings Predicts Later Savings

A major hypothesis of asset-building is that early access to savings accounts leads to continued and improved educational and economic outcomes over time. This study asks whether or not young adults (ages 18 to 22), particularly lower-income young adults, are significantly more likely to own savings accounts and to accumulate more savings when they have access to savings accounts at banking institutions as adolescents (ages 13 to 17). We investigate this question using longitudinal data (low-to-moderate income sample [LMI; N = 530]; low-income sample [LI; N = 354]) from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its supplements. Results from propensity score weighting and bivariate probit estimates support this hypothesis. Asset-building policies that extend early access to savings accounts may improve savings outcomes for young people from lower-income households

Policy Recommendations for Helping U.S. Households Build Emergency Savings

In households without emergency savings, an unexpected expense or financial shock can heighten stress and threaten the ability to meet basic needs. This brief, released through the Grand Challenges for Social Work initiative’s network toBuild Financial Capability for All, identifies three types of policies to enable U.S. households to save for emergencies

Policy Recommendations for Financial Capability and Asset Building by Increasing Access to Safe, Affordable Credit

Strong credit is a prerequisite for financial well-being, but many U.S. consumers lack access to safe and affordable credit options. This brief, released through the Grand Challenges for Social Work initiative’s network toBuild Financial Capability for All, identifies policies that would enable households to build and maintain credit and that would ensure access to credit products with adequate consumer protections

Predicting Savings From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: A Propensity Score Approach

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://www.jstor.org/.This paper examines the progression of savings between adolescence and young adulthood. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we ask whether the likelihood of having a savings account in young adulthood and the amount of savings can be significantly predicted by two factors: having a savings account during adolescence and having parents who own assets. Descriptive statistics reveal that adolescents with savings accounts are more often White, employed, and live in households in which the head is married, has more education, and owns assets. Propensity score analyses confirm that young adults are more likely to have a savings account when they have a savings account as adolescents. Some evidence suggests that adolescents whose parents have savings on their behalf and have higher net worth are more likely to have higher amounts of savings as young adults. Findings suggest that parents play an important role in modeling saving habits for adolescents. Further, our findings suggest that having a savings account in adolescence leads to an increased likelihood of having a savings account in young adulthood; however, this finding requires confirmation in future research

Taking Stock of Ten Years of Research on the Relationship Between Assets and Children\u27s Educational Outcomes: Implications for Theory, Policy, and Intervention

This paper has two main goals. First, we provide a review of 38 studies on the relationship between assets and children’s educational attainment. Second, we discuss implications for Child Development Accounts (CDAs) policies. CDAs have been proposed as a potentially novel and promising asset approach for helping to finance college. More specifically, we propose that CDAs should be designed so that, in addition to promoting savings, they include aspects that help make children’s college-bound identity salient, congruent with children’s group identity, and that help children develop strategies for overcoming difficulties