Manure Management Practices and Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications on Manure Quality as a Fertilizer

Manure has been used as a fertilizer since ancient times and if well-managed it can be an asset, promoting sustainable agriculture, and increasing crop production, particularly for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, most farmers in SSA do not apply recommended manure management practices, such as roofing animal housing, having a water-proof floor or covering manure during storage, causing large nutrient losses during manure storage, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing the quality of the manure as a fertilizer. This paper compares manure management practices in representative SSA countries, and summarizes government policies and socio-cultural practices that influence the adoption of good (recommended) manure management practices. Three steps were applied in this analysis: (i) review of manure management practices from various literature sources, (ii) interviews on manure management practices and policies with key stakeholders from 13 SSA countries, and (iii) surveys of manure management practices on small, medium, and large scale farms in Ethiopia and Malawi. The review confirms the potential of manure to improve crop yields and promote sustainable agriculture in SSA. Unfortunately, most SSA countries (a) do not explicitly mention manure management in their policies (b) have different ministries that share responsibilities on manure management, often leading to incoherent policies and abnegation of these responsibilities (c) take limited action to promote good practices or enforce legislation on manure management. Also, the field survey indicated that farmers lack knowledge on manure management. However, farmers are able to access agricultural extension services from both government and non-government agencies, although these extension services rarely included information on improved manure management practices. Extension services that encourage exchange and interaction between farmers were most successful in increasing adoption of good manure management practices, and are recommended. In addition, efforts to improve manure management in SSA should strengthen the enforcement of existing policies and provide an enabling environment for adoption of good manure management practices

Manure nutrient application on a Chinese dairy farm with arable land: A case study based on Dutch experience of equilibrium fertilization

For a Chinese dairy farm with 2200 milking cows, the annual manure production and manure nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were estimated. Gaseous nitrogen losses from cattle housing with scraped solid floors were based on on-farm measurements. Based on experiences from the Netherlands, nutrient levels in the solid and liquid fractions after slurry separation were estimated. On the basis of assumptions for nutrient losses during covered lagoon storage and land application of the liquid fraction, nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization rates were calculated for the 67 hm 2 of agricultural land that receive the liquid fraction by gravity irrigation. The results show that the application rates of nitrogen and phosphorous significantly exceed the crop needs, which will probably result in losses to soil and water. In order to aim for a balance between nutrient application and crop needs and, as such, reduce environmental harm, the authors recommend to establish application standards for nitrogen and phosphorous on arable land in China and to formulate farm-specific Nutrient Management Plans

Patterns of dairy manure management in China

The dairy industry in China is rapidly developing, particularly in terms of the upscaling of dairy farms. However, nutrient-rich manure brings challenges to the sustainability of the dairy industry. This study investigated and reviewed the patterns of dairy manure management in China, and the results indicate that dairy manure could be used as an organic fertilizer because of its high organic nutrient content and low metal content. However, legislation prohibits the application of untreated (raw) dairy manure. An existing technology for handling animal slurry is the separation into a liquid and a solid manure fraction. The solid fraction can be used as compost and bedding materials, and it has limited environmental risk. However, the emissions from the storage of liquid manure need further attention. The cycle of manure production, collection, transportation, separation and storage can only be closed if the nutrients are eventually applied to grass and arable land according to crop needs. Therefore, distribution of knowledge on nutrient levels, crop needs and nutrient management plans, supported by legislation on maximum application standards, is needed. In this way, an environmentally friendly development of dairy manure management might be possible.</p