Efeitos do treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinados na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em mulheres na menopausa

Modelo de Estudo: Ensaio clínico controlado. Objetivo: Verificar a resposta de 16 semanas do treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinado sobre a modulação autonômica em mulheres na menopausa.Métodos: 17 mulheres foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo treino (GT: n=11) e grupo controle (GC:n=6). As variáveis de composição corporal foram estimadas pela absorptiometria radiológica de dupla energia. A modulação autonômica foi avaliada pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca usando índices lineares. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu em 16 semanas, por 50 minutos de treinamento resistido e 30 minutos de treinamento aeróbio. Resultados: Para o GT houve incremento do índice rMSSD(ms)(pre:17,4±3,7 e pos:24,8±13,1, p<0,045), aumento dos intervalos entre batimentos cardíacos consecutivos (pre:891,2±80,2 e pos:974,1±71,4, p<0,003) e dos valores de frequência cardíaca(bpm) (pre:68,1±6,4 e pos:62,0±4,7, p<0,003), para os índices espectrais em unidades normalizadas, houve redução de LF(pre:52,2±13,1 e pos:44,5±12,4, p<0,025) e incremento de HF (pre:47,8±13,3 e pos:55,5±12,4, p<0,025).Não houve diferenças significantes para o GC. Conclusão: o treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinado promoveu benefícios sobre a modulação autonômica em mulheres na menopausa.Model of the study: Controlled clinical trial. Objective: To verify the effects of 16 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training on cardiac autonomic modulation in menopausal women. Methods: 17 menopausal women were divided into two groups: the training group (TG: n=11) and control group (CG:n=6). The body composition variables were estimated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The cardiac autonomic modulation was evaluated by heart rate variability using linear indexes. The training protocol consisted of 16 weeks of 50 minutes of resistance training and 30 minutes of aerobic training. Results: For the TG there was an increase in the rMSSD(ms) index (pre:17,4±3,7 and post:24,8±13,1,p<0,045), an increase in the duration of the intervals between the cardiac beats(ms) (pre:891,2±80,2 and post:974,1±71,4, p<0,003) and in the values of heart rate(bpm) (pre:68,1±6,4 and post:62,0±4,7, p<0,003), additionally for the spectral indexes in normalized units, changes for LF (pre:52,2±13,1 and post:44,5±12,4, p<0,025) and HF (pre:47,8±13,3 and post:55,5±12,4, p<0,025) were noticed, demonstrating increased parasympathetic and reduced sympathetic. There were no significant differences to CG. Conclusion: combined aerobic and resistance training promoted benefits to the autonomic modulation in menopausal women

Body composition and resting metabolic rate in obese adolescents

Objetivo: Analisar a composição corporal e taxa metabólica de repouso (TMR) de adolescentes com obesidade. Metodologia: Foram avaliados 58 adolescentes, entre 12 e 16 anos (13,7±1,2 anos), com obesidade. A composição corporal foi mensurada por meio da Absortiometria de Raios-x de Dupla Energia (DEXA). A taxa metabólica de repouso e a oxidação de glicose e lipídeos foram determinadas pela medida do oxigênio consumido e pela produção de dióxido de carbono. Foi utilizado teste t de Student para variáveis independentes, análise de regressão linear múltipla e correlação de Pearson, com significância de p<5%. Resultados: Foram observadas diferenças na porcentagem de gordura corporal (p=0,01), porcentagem de massa corporal magra (MCM) (p=0,01), porcentagem de gordura do tronco (p=0,01), massa magra membro inferior (p=0,01) e taxa metabólica de repouso (p=0,04) entre os sexos masculino e feminino. No sexo masculino a MCM foi a melhor preditora de TMR (p=0,01). Houve correlação positiva entre TMR e MCM, assim como observada associação entre a oxidação lipídica e MCM. Conclusão: A composição corporal total e por segmento corporal influenciam a taxa metabólica de repouso e a oxida- ção de substratos. Além disso, a MCM pode ser considerada um fator de aumento do gasto energético de repouso de adolescentes com obesidade.Objective: Analyze body composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in obese adolescents. Methods: 58 obese adolescents were assessed between 12 and 16 years (13.7 ± 1.2 years). The body composition was measured dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The resting metabolic rate and oxidation of glucose and lipids were determined by measuring the oxygen consumption and the production of carbon dioxide. Student t test was used for independent data, multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation, significance was set p <5%. Results: Significant differences were observed in the percentage of body fat (p = 0.01), percentage of lean body mass (LBM) (p = 0.01), percentage body fat (p = 0.01), lower limb lean mass (p = 0.01) and resting metabolic rate (p = 0.04) between males and females. The LBM is highlighted as the best predictor of RMR (p = 0.01). There was a positive correlation between RMR and LBM, as observed association between lipid oxidation and LBM. Conclusion: Total body composition and segment influence the resting metabolic rate and substrate oxidation. In addition, the LBM can be considered a factor of increased resting energy expenditure in obese adolescents

Influência da prática habitual de atividade física e da gordura de tronco sobre a glicemia de jejum em mulheres na menopausa

Study Model: Original Study. Objective: To examine the relationship between the practice of physical activity (PA) with total body fat, trunk fat and fasting glucose in postmenopausal women.Methods: Sixty postmenopausal women, mean age of 61.0 years, from the city of Presidente Prudente SP, were assessed. Body mass (BM) and height were measured to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). Total body fat (BF) and trunk fat mass (TFM) were estimated using DEXA. Fasting glucose was measured and classified according to the reference values of the American Diabetes Association (1997). The usual practice of PA was estimated using triaxial accelerometer, model GT3X (Actigraph,Pensacola,FL,USA) and classified according to Sasaki (2010). Comparisons were made between women with normal blood fasting glucose levels (NBG) and high blood fasting glucose(HBG) levels by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Spearman correlation coefficient was used and then the binary logistic regression to test the association between PA level and body composition with fasting glucose.Results: Women with HBG showed higher values of BM (p=0,040), BMI (=0,002) and BF (=0,046), and lower values of light (p=0,019), moderate (p=0,041) and moderate+vigorous (p=0,041) PA. The moderate and moderate+vigorous PA showed, respectively, a significant negative correlation with BF (p=0,003 and p+0,003) and TFM (p=0,021 and p=0,021). The FM presented negative correlation with moderate + vigorous (p=0,049). Women with lower TFM and classified as active showed protective factor (OR=0.133 [CI 0.023 to 0.7841] for impaired fasting glucose. Conclusion: The practice of moderate+vigorous intensity PA, held at least 150 minutes per week, is associated with lower trunk fat, and presents protective factor for impaired fasting glucose and risk of diabetes mellitus ins postmenopausal women.Modelo de estudo: Estudo OriginalObjetivo: Examinar a relação entre a prática habitual da atividade física (AF) com a gordura corporal total, gordura do tronco e glicemia de jejum em mulheres na menopausa. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 60 mulheres na menopausa com média de idade de 61,0 anos, da cidade de Presidente Prudente - SP. A massa corporal (MC) e a estatura foram mensuradas para o cálculo de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). A gordura corporal total (GC) e a gordura de tronco (TrG) foram estimadas por meio do DEXA. A glicemia sanguinea foi dosada e classificada de acordo com os valores de referência da American Diabetes Association (1997). A prática habitual de AF foi estimada utilizando acelerômetro triaxial (Actigraph) e classificada de acordo com Sasaki (2010). Foi realizada a comparação entre mulheres com valores de glicemia normal e glicemia alterada por meio do teste Kruskal-Wallis. Foi utlizado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e em seguida a regressão logística binária para verificar a associação entre nível de AF e compoisção corporal com glicemia de jejum. Resultados: Mulheres que apresentavam hiperglicemia obtiveram maiores valores de MC (p=0,040), IMC (p=0,002) e GC (p=0,046), além de valores menores de AF (p=0,019), moderada (p=0,041) e de moderada+vigorosa (p=0,041). A variável AF moderada e moderada+vigorosa, apresentaram, respectivamente, correlação negativa significante percentual de GC (p=0,003) e com TrG(p=0,021 e p=0,021), quando analisado os valores absolutos de GC foi observado correlação negativa com a soma moderda+vigorosa (p=0,049). As mulheres que obtiveram menore valores de TrG e que foram classificadas como suficientemente ativas apresentaram fator de proteção (RC=0,133 [IC=0,023-0,784]) para glicemia de jejum alterada.Conclusão: A prática de AF de intensidade moderada-vigorosa, realizada pelo menos 150 minutos semanais, associado à baixa gordura de tronco, é um fator protetor para a hiperglicemia em mulheres na menopausa

Influência do treinamento concorrente na composição corporal e óssea de adolescentes obesos

Modelo de estudo: Estudo prospectivo Objetivo: Analisar a diferença da densidade, conteúdo mineral ósseo e composição corporal de adolescentes obesos pré e pós treinamento concorrente de 16 semanas. Métodos: Amostra composta por 19 adolescentes obesos. Mensurou-se a densidade mineral óssea(BMD), conteúdo mineral ósseo(BMC), massa corporal magra(MCM) em kg, massa de gordura(MG) em kg e em percentual(%GC) e percentual de gordura do tronco(%GT) por meio da técnica absortiometria de raios-X de dupla energia(DEXA). A Intervenção consistiu de treinamento concorrente (treino resistido [30 minutos] e aeróbio [30 minutos]) com três sessões semanais. Para análise estatística utilizou-se teste t de Student, qui-quadrado, ANOVA e correlação de Pearson por meio do software SPSS(17.0) e significância estatística fixada em p<5%. Resultados: Houve diferença estatística entre os gêneros para %GT(p<0,007). No grupo feminino houve correlação entre BMD, %GC e %GT, já a BMC correlacionou-se com peso e MCM. No grupo masculinohouve correlação da BMC e BMD com a estatura e MCM. Após a intervenção, no grupo feminino, houve significância apenas para estatura(p<0,014), já no grupo masculino houve aumento significativo daestatura(p<0,000), MCM(p<0,011) e BMC(p<0,002) bem como a diminuição das variáveis IMC(p<0,004), %GC(p<0,000) e %GT(p<0,016). Após o treinamento 78,9% dos adolescentes aumentaram e 21,1%diminuíram o BMD. Dos que aumentaram o BMD 63,2% diminuíram o %GC, 57,9% a MG e 57,9% a MCM. Conclusão: Após a intervenção houve diminuição da gordura corporal, aumento da massa magra e conteúdo mineral ósseo de adolescentes do sexo masculino. No grupo feminino não houve diferença entre os momentos

Relação entre gordura corporal, número de passos e capacidade cardiorrespiratória de mulheres na pós-menopausa

Modelo do estudo: Estudo Transversal. Objetivos: Verificar a relação entre gordura corporal, número de passos e capacidade cardiorrespiratória em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Métodos: 57 mulheres acima dos 50 anos foram divididas em quatro grupos de acordo com a mediana da faixa etária (< 60,8 ≥ 60,8 anos) e gordura corporal (<22,8 ≥ 33,2 Kg). Para estimativa da gordura corporal total, percentual de gordura e gordura de tronco, foi utilizado o DEXA. O teste de caminhada de seis minutos foi utilizado para analisar a capacidade cardiorrespiratória, e o número de passos por dia foi obtido por meio do acelerômetro tri-axial. Resultados: As mulheres jovens acumularam mais passos por dia (<60,8=7727,5 x ≥ 60,8=6173,2; p<0,014) e as mulheres mais jovens com menor gordura corporal foram as que acumularam mais passos/ dia (menor gordura = 8405 passos x alta gordura= 6118 passos; p<0,031), não diferindo nas mulheres com maior idade e maior gordura. Quanto à capacidade cardiorrespiratória, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Todas as variáveis de gordura corporal apresentaram relação baixa e negativa com o número de passos no grupo mais jovem e com a capacidade cardiorrespiratória no grupo com idade mais avançada. Conclusão: A gordura corporal apresenta relação baixa e negativa com o número de passos e a capacidade cardiorrespiratória de mulheres na pós-menopausa, além disso, a idade parece influenciar nessa relação.Model of the study: Cross-sectional study. Objective: To verify the relationship between body fat, number of steps and cardiorespiratory fitness in postmenopausal women. Methods: 57 women over 50 years were divided into four groups according to the median of age (<60.8 and ≥ 60.8 years) and median of body fat (<22.8 ≥ 33.2 Kg). The dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to estimate total fat mass, percentage of body fat and trunk fat. The test of six-minute walk was used to analyze the cardiorespiratoryfitness and a tri-axial accelerometer to determinate the number of steps per day. Results: Younger women accumulated more steps per day (<60.8= 7727.5 x ≥ 60.8= 6173.2, p <0.014) and among the younger women group, the one with lower body fat accumulated more steps/day (lower fat = 8405 steps x higher fat= 6118 steps, p <0.031). There was no significant difference between women with higher age and higher body fat. Regarding to the cardiorespiratory fitness, there was no significant difference between the groups. All variables of body fat presented low and negative relationship with both number of steps inthe younger group and cardiorespiratory fitness in older age group. Conclusion: Body fat present low and negative correlation with the number of steps and cardiorespiratory fitness in postmenopausal women, furthermore, the age seems to influence this relationship

Practice of moderate physical activity can attenuate the loss of lean body mass in menopausal women

<p>The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between physical activity (PA) and total body (BLM), leg (LLM) and arm lean mass (ALM) in menopausal women. Sixty two 62 menopausal women were included (61.2±7.6 years). Their practice of PA was assessed by Actigraph GT3X accelerometer, and is reported as minutes per week of light or moderate-vigorous PA, and total PA. The sample was dichotomized into two groups according to their weekly practice of PA moderate-vigorous; physically active (≥150 minutes) and insufficiently active (&lt;150 minutes). Body composition measures were assessed by DXA and were reported as percentages. Comparisons between the groups of PA and total and segmental lean body mass were performed by independent t test. Association between the tertile of BLM and the groups of PA were performed by chi-square test. Physically active women showed significantly higher mean values for BLM (52.8±5.4 vs 49.8±4.7; p=0.028) and LLM (17.1±2.2 vs 15.9±1.8; p=0.026), whereas the difference in the ALM was not significant. When the BLM was categorized into tertiles, it was significantly greater in physically active women (higher tertile=44.7%), compared with the insufficiently active women (higher tertile=16.7%). Menopausal women who spent more minutes engaged in moderate-vigorous PA can showed higher BLM and LLM.</p

The Association between Skipping Breakfast and Biochemical Variables in Sedentary Obese Children and Adolescents

Objective To investigate the relationship between skipping meals and biochemical variables in obese children and adolescents.Study design The sample was composed of 174 obese children and adolescents, aged between 6 and 16 years (80 male and 94 female). Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile were measured after 12 hours fasting. The frequency of skipping breakfast, lunch, or dinner was assessed through a face-to-face interview carried out with the parents.Results The prevalence of eating breakfast daily was low in boys (47.5%) and girls (44.7%). A higher frequency of eating breakfast was negatively correlated with glucose (r = -0.16; P = .026), triglycerides (r = -0.19; P = .011), and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.21; P = .005). In the multivariate model, the weekly frequency of eating breakfast remained negatively associated with glucose (beta = -0.975; P = .017), triglycerides (beta = -7.792; P = .017), and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (beta = -1.870; P = .009) independent of age, sex, trunk fatness, and parents' education.Conclusion Skipping meals, mainly breakfast, is associated with glucose and lipid levels in obese children and adolescents. (J Pediatr 2012;161:871-4)

Characteristics of family nucleus as correlates of regular participation in sports among adolescents

Objectives To estimate the relationship between family nucleus and sport practice among adolescents.Methods A school-based cross-sectional study carried out with 1,752 Brazilian adolescents (812 male and 940 female), aged 11-17 years. Characteristics of the family nucleus (parental education, socioeconomic status and number of siblings) and sport practice (>= 240 min/week) were assessed by questionnaires. Adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression models.Results The overall prevalence of sport practice was 14.8% (boys 21.2% and girls 9.4%, P = 0.001). Higher socioeconomic status, number of siblings and parents' educational level were associated with more sport practice.Conclusion Despite the low engagement, family nucleus plays an essential role in the sport practice of our sample of Brazilian adolescents

Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training in body composition of obese postmenopausal women

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 16-week program of combined aerobic and resistance training on the body composition of postmenopausal women who are obese. The participants were divided into two groups: training group (TG, n = 37) and non-trained control group (CG, n = 18). The trunk fat, fat mass, percentage of fat mass and fat-free mass were estimated using DXA. Three nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted. The training protocol consisted of 50 minutes of resistance training followed by 30 minutes of aerobic training. After the 16-week training program, differences were observed in trunk fat (CG= 0.064 x TG= -0.571 Kg; p-value = .020), fat mass (CG= -0.088 x TG= -1.037 Kg; p-value = .020) and fat-free mass (CG= -0.388 x TG= 1.049 Kg; p = .001). Therefore, a 16-week program of systematic combined aerobic and resistance training in obese postmenopausal women was effective in improving fat-free mass and decreasing both whole and abdominal adiposity