Transforming Piecemeal Social Engineering into Grand Crime Prevention Policy: Toward a New Criminology of Social Control

This Article focuses on the Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) approach in criminology, which expands the crime reduction role well beyond the justice system. SCP sees criminal law in a more restrictive sense, as only part of the anticrime effort in governance. We examine the “general” and “specific” responses to crime problems in the SCP approach. Our review demonstrates that the most serious barrier to converting SCP techniques into policy remains the gap that exists between problem identification and problem response. We discuss past large-scale SCP interventions and explore the complex links between them and SCP’s better known specificity and piecemeal approach. We develop a graded framework for selecting responses that acknowledge the local, political, and organizational issues involved in identifying and choosing them. This framework determines when SCP interventions and policies can be crafted on the macro level to eliminate or greatly reduce the problem everywhere, and when interventions should be limited to a piecemeal, local approach to eliminate only the specific problem. Finally, we situate this analysis within the general context of the relationship between science and policy, noting the challenges in converting scientific observations into broad social policy and the expansion of crime control beyond criminal justice into the realm of government regulation and partnerships with nongovernmental agencies

Transforming Piecemeal Social Engineering into Grand Crime Prevention Policy: Toward a New Criminology of Social Control

This Article focuses on the Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) approach in criminology, which expands the crime reduction role well beyond the justice system. SCP sees criminal law in a more restrictive sense, as only part of the anticrime effort in governance. We examine the “general” and “specific” responses to crime problems in the SCP approach. Our review demonstrates that the most serious barrier to converting SCP techniques into policy remains the gap that exists between problem identification and problem response. We discuss past large-scale SCP interventions and explore the complex links between them and SCP’s better known specificity and piecemeal approach. We develop a graded framework for selecting responses that acknowledge the local, political, and organizational issues involved in identifying and choosing them. This framework determines when SCP interventions and policies can be crafted on the macro level to eliminate or greatly reduce the problem everywhere, and when interventions should be limited to a piecemeal, local approach to eliminate only the specific problem. Finally, we situate this analysis within the general context of the relationship between science and policy, noting the challenges in converting scientific observations into broad social policy and the expansion of crime control beyond criminal justice into the realm of government regulation and partnerships with nongovernmental agencies

K-12 School Shootings in Context: New Findings from The American School Shooting Study (TASSS)

The American School Shooting Study (TASSS) is an ongoing mixed-method project funded by the National Institute of Justice to catalog US school shootings. It has amassed data based on open sources and other public materials dating back to 1990. This brief presents new insights from TASSS, diving deeper into the database's potential to examine the locations, timing, and student involvement of youth-perpetrated gun violence

American jihadi terrorism: A comparison of homicides and unsuccessful plots

While the number of American jihadi terrorist attacks remains relatively rare, terrorist plots thwarted by law enforcement have increased since September 11, 2001. Although these law enforcement blocks of would-be terrorists are considered counterterrorism triumphs by the FBI, human rights and civil liberty watch groups have conversely suggested that those who plan for attacks alongside government informants and undercover agents may be unique and essentially dissimilar from terrorists. Underlying this debate is the empirical question of how planned yet unsuccessful attacks and their plotters compare to successful terrorist homicides and their perpetrators. The current study addresses this question by comparatively examining jihadi terrorist homicides and unsuccessful plots occurring in part or wholly on U.S. soil between 1990 and 2014. Data for this study come from the U.S. Extremist Crime Database (ECDB), an open-source database with information on terrorism and extremist crimes. Based on these data, descriptive statistics are provided for several incident, offender, and target variables across three jihadi terrorist violence categories, including homicides, plots with specified targets, and plots with non-specific targets. We find several important differences across categories of terrorist violence, suggesting that unsuccessful plotters and their intended crimes vary from their more successful terrorist counterparts

A Mixed-Method Analysis of Fatal Attacks on Police by Far-Right Extremists

Several recent high-profile homicides of police officers have brought increased attention to issues of far-right extremist violence in the United States. We still, however, know very little about why (and how) certain encounters between far-right extremists and police result in violence. To fill this research gap, we conduct a mixed-method analysis of far-right antipolice homicides based on quantitative and qualitative data from the U.S. Extremist Crime Database. We begin by categorizing cases based on key aspects of homicide storylines. We then comparatively analyze attributes of event precursor, transaction, and aftermath stages across four storyline categories. Finally, a case study is purposively selected to follow-up on each storyline category to better capture the nuances of fluid homicide processes. Our findings have important implications for identifying triggering events, escalation factors, and other situated sets of conditions and circumstances that contribute to deadly outcomes for police officers

Understanding and Applying SAR to Ideological and Nation- State-Sponsored Cybercrimes

The use of computer hacking, malicious software, and other forms of cyberattacks against U.S. infrastructure has increased dramatically since the 1990s. Many of these attacks target corporations and individuals for instrumental economic gain, such as the theft of personal information for use in fraud. Ideologically motivated attacks also occur, though the degree to which they are understood or documented is generally limited. For instance, jihadi groups have expressed an interest in cyberattacks since the early 2000s (see Holt et al., 2022). Similarly, DHS (2009) noted in the late 2000s that they expected cyberattacks from environmental or animal liberation-focused groups to increase. Attacks not only originate from individual actors, but also from nation-state-sponsored actors who seek to further the political and economic interests of their governments

Migration, culture conflict and crime /

Includes bibliographical references and index.17 Marginalization and Demarginalization of Immigrants: -- Diversity Management Strategies in Education -- Rita Sever andAlek Epstein' -- 18 Substance Abusing New Immigrants from the States of the -- former Soviet Union as a Challenge to the -- Drug Abuse Treatment System in Israel: A Pilot Study -- Eli Lawental and Zvi Jacoby -- 19 Confucianism as a Control Theory Explanation of Crime -- Among Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia -- Chuen-Jim Sheu -- Index.9 'Foreigners' in Germany: The Role of Academic -- Criminologists as an Interest Group Influencing -- Government Policy -- Ruth G Hertz -- III. GENDER ISSUES -- 10 Immigration, Culture Conflict and Domestic -- Violence/Woman Battering -- Edna Erez -- 11 Migration, Political Economy and Violence Against -- Women: The Post Immigration Experiences of -- Filipino Women in Australia -- Chris Cunneen and Julie Stubbs -- IV. COUNTRY STUDIES -- 12 Crime and Victimisation of Migrants in Australia: -- A Socio-demographic View -- Satyanshu Mukherjee -- 13 Hostility and Violence Against Immigrants in -- Germany Since 1992 -- Roland Eckert -- 14 Ethnic Identity Versus National Identity: An Analysis of -- PKK Terror in Relation to Identity Conflict -- Ibrahim Cerrah -- 15 Assimilation, Acculturation and Juvenile Delinquency -- Among Second Generation Turkish Youths in Berlin -- Alexis A. Aronowitz -- 16 Immigration and Suicide in a Multi-ethnic Society: Israel -- Brenda Geiger --^Machine generated contents note: List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- I. GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES -- 1 Introduction -- Joshua D. Freilich, Graeme Newman, S. Giora Shoham -- and Moshe Addad -- 2 Culture Conflict and Crime: A Global Perspective -- Pino Arlacchi -- 3 Trafficking in Human Beings -- Adam Graycar -- 4 Population Diversity and Homicide: A Cross-national -- Amplification of Blau's Theory of Diversity -- Gregory J. Howard, Graeme Newman and Joshua D. Freilich -- 5 A Comparative Assessment of Criminal Involvement -- Among Immigrants and Natives Across Seven Nations -- James P Lynch and Rita J Simon -- 6 Culture Conflict and Crime in Europe -- Hans-Heiner Kiihne -- II. PREVENTION AND POLICY -- 7 Protecting Immigrants from Victimization: -- The Scope for Situational Crime Prevention -- Ronald V Clarke -- 8 Bicultural Competence: A Means to Crime Reduction -- Among the Children of Immigrants? -- Caitlin Killian --