Mean (±SE) isotopic ratio (δ) of mosquitoes obtained from habitats enriched using ¹⁵N-labelled potassium nitrate and ¹³C-labelled glucose.

<p>All values referenced against international standards (nitrogen = air; carbon = Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)). Data grouped by species and sex for adult mosquitoes and combined pupae.</p

Comparison of isotopic ratios between mosquitoes obtained from enriched pools, and those obtained from control basins: Standardized isotopic ratios δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C for adult male and female <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> sensu lato and <i>Aedes aegypti</i>, and the pupae collected from control and enriched basins.

<p>Figure panels A, C and E represent results for mosquitoes collected from basins enriched with ¹⁵N-labelled potassium nitrate, and the respective controls, while figure panels B, D and F represent results of mosquitoes collected from basins enriched with ¹³C-labelled glucose, and the respective controls. All values referenced against international standards (nitrogen = air; carbon = Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB).</p

Results showing δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C mean (±SE) of adult male and female pooled mosquitoes regardless of species from habitats enriched using ¹⁵N-labelled potassium nitrate, ¹³C-labelled carbon and un-enriched habitats (controls).

<p>Results showing δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C mean (±SE) of adult male and female pooled mosquitoes regardless of species from habitats enriched using ¹⁵N-labelled potassium nitrate, ¹³C-labelled carbon and un-enriched habitats (controls).</p

Illustration of how the mean isotopic ratios of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C change when different quantities of mosquitoes from enriched versus control basins are included in the pools for analysis.

<p>Mean (CI: 95%) δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C for mosquitoes obtained from basins that were either enriched using the stable isotopes (enriched mosquitoes) or control basins that were not enriched (unenriched mosquitoes). We analysed adult mosquitoes in pools containing a total of four mosquitoes, but variable ratios of enriched to unenriched mosquitoes as indicated by the x-axis label (i.e. 0/4, 1/4, 2/4, ¾ or 4/4). Panel A represents females for <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> sensu lato, while panel B represents males of the same species. All values referenced against international standards (nitrogen = air; carbon = Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)).</p

Examples of other localities where <i>Anopheles funestus</i> mosquitoes have been demonstrated to mediate most of the residual malaria transmission, and where control programs targeting <i>An</i>. <i>funestus</i> with effective interventions, could drastically reduce local transmission.

<p>Examples of other localities where <i>Anopheles funestus</i> mosquitoes have been demonstrated to mediate most of the residual malaria transmission, and where control programs targeting <i>An</i>. <i>funestus</i> with effective interventions, could drastically reduce local transmission.</p

Monthly variations in the composition of sibling species of <i>Anopheles funestus</i> group in the study area.

<p>Monthly variations in the composition of sibling species of <i>Anopheles funestus</i> group in the study area.</p

Host blood antigens detected in blood-meals obtained from <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes.

<p>Host blood antigens detected in blood-meals obtained from <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes.</p

Monthly sporozoite rates and Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIR) (number of infectious bites per person per month) for <i>Anopheles funestus</i> and <i>Anopheles arabiensis</i> from January to December 2016.

<p>Monthly sporozoite rates and Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIR) (number of infectious bites per person per month) for <i>Anopheles funestus</i> and <i>Anopheles arabiensis</i> from January to December 2016.</p

Mean daily wind speeds and cumulative rainfall outside Ifakara experimental huts between May and October 2010.

<p>Mean daily wind speeds and cumulative rainfall outside Ifakara experimental huts between May and October 2010.</p

Map of the study area, showing the villages and households in Ulanga district where the study was conducted.

<p>Map of the study area, showing the villages and households in Ulanga district where the study was conducted.</p