What have human experimental overfeeding studies taught us about adipose tissue expansion and susceptibility to obesity and metabolic complications

What have human experimental overfeeding studies taught us about adipose tissue expansion and susceptibility to obesity and metabolic complication

Contributions of different substrates to myocardial O₂ consumption.

<p>Oxygen extraction ratios were summed and adjusted to a total of 100%. Lower, white bar: sum of non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerol (i.e. fatty acid oxidation); solid black, glucose; diagonal hatched, lactate; cross-hatched, 3-hydroxybutyrate; think solid line at top, pyruvate. Con, control group; HF, heart failure group; DM, Type 2 diabetes group.</p

Baseline description of heart failure, control and type 2 diabetes groups.

<p>Values are mean±SD except for BNP which is shown as median (range).</p>#<p>p<0.05 vs control,</p><p>* p<0.01 vs control,</p>$<p>p<0.001 vs control,</p>†<p>p<0.01 vs DM using Student's t-test, except for BNP where Mann-Whitney U-test was used.</p

Fractional extraction (%) of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triacylglycerol, glucose, pyruvate, lactate and 3-hydroxybutyrate across the heart in patients with heart failure, controls and type 2 diabetes.

<p>Values are mean±SD.</p

Replicated meQTL hits.

<p>a) ID of probe set on DMH array,</p><p>b) chromosome.</p><p>c) genomic coordinates of probe set in build37.</p><p>d) genomic coordinates of SNP in build37.</p><p>e) coefficient of SNP effect.</p><p>f) standard error for the SNP effect.</p><p>g) p-value for the SNP effect.</p><p>h) ID of probe on Illumina 27k array,</p><p>i) genomic coordinates of CpG probed in build37.</p><p>j) one-sided p-value for the SNP effect in the direction of the original association.</p

–log₁₀<i>P</i> values of the 5 replicated meQTLs against genomic position, with the top SNP indexed and indicated by a diamond.

<p>Estimated recombination rates are shown in blue, and SNP LD is given by colour as shown in the legends (LD data from 1000 Genomes Nov 2010 CEU genotypes).</p

Genome-wide meQTL analysis. A:

<p><i>Cis</i>-meQTL quantile-quantile plot showing enrichment of association signal. Grey bands correspond to 95% confidence intervals. <b>B:</b> Significant meQTL are located close to CpG sites.</p

Flowchart showing the analysis pipeline.

<p><b>Top:</b> Association of DMH Methylation Score with phenotypes. <b>Bottom:</b> Primary <i>cis</i>-meQTL association study, followed by replication study. <b>Left:</b> Association of DMH probe sets with significant meQTLs with mRNA expression. <b>Right:</b> Text mining of meQTLs significant in the primary study.</p

Boxplots showing methylation level plotted against genotype for the 5 replicated meQTLs in both the primary study (left panels) and replication study (right panels).

<p>All SNPs passed quality control filtering and association with methylation levels in both data sets.</p

Participant characteristics (Replication Study).

<p>Values are means ± standard deviation for each quantitative trait.</p