Akaike information criteria corrected for small sample sizes (AICc), delta AICc (representing the difference in AICc between the current and the most appropriate model) and parameter estimates associated with type I, type II and type III functional response models for leopards killed in retaliatory incidents and leopards hunted and in the Waterberg District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa.

<p>*non-significant parameter at α = 0.05</p><p>¹a is intercept</p><p>²b is the change in number of leopards killed per change in abundance</p><p>³k is the asymptotic abundance at which killing is saturated</p><p>⁴x is the abundance associated with k/2</p><p>⁵r is a learning parameter associated with the degree to which predators recognise and react to changes in prey abundance [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0125539#pone.0125539.ref049" target="_blank">49</a>]</p><p>Akaike information criteria corrected for small sample sizes (AICc), delta AICc (representing the difference in AICc between the current and the most appropriate model) and parameter estimates associated with type I, type II and type III functional response models for leopards killed in retaliatory incidents and leopards hunted and in the Waterberg District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa.</p

Relationships between leopard abundance and number of animals killed in retaliatory killing (200 leopards; A) and recreational sport hunting (133 leopards; B) in the Waterberg District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa.

<p>Number of animals killed and abundance represent number of animals within one 2500 km² sample unit.</p

Predicted probability of leopard presence as estimated by a MaxEnt model, distribution of leopards killed in retaliatory incidents, leopard trophy hunts and camera trapping study sites in the Waterberg District, Limpopo Province, South Africa.

<p>Striped grids represent grid blocks excluded from analysis because sampling area was below our minimum sample area criteria. MaxEnt model taken from Swanepoel et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0125539#pone.0125539.ref032" target="_blank">32</a>].</p

Average δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of potential prey available in coastal and inland habitats in Iceland.

1<p>) Data from interior Alaska <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032071#pone.0032071-Dalerum3" target="_blank">[56]</a>.</p><p>The prey table is not comprehensive and data are not intended for quantitative analyses, but rather to exemplify the wider isotope niche width that is available in coastal habitats.</p

Results from linear mixed models on the effects of habitat (coastal or inland) and age of animal (adult or juvenile) on three attributes of individual variation in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N.

<p>Within individual isotope niche breadth was estimated as the Euclidean distance between collagen and muscle within individuals, between individual variation in individual isotope niche breadth was calculated as the Euclidean distance of each individual difference between muscle and collagen to group centroids in a 2 dimensional isotope space, and an individual specialization index that relates intra individual variation to the total isotope niche breadth of each sample group, calculated as the ratio of the average Euclidean distances of muscle and collagen samples to within individual centroids and the average Euclidean distances to group centroids. Groups were in all cases defined as age classes within each habitat.</p

Results from a linear mixed model on the effects of habitat (coastal or inland), age of animal (adult or juvenile) and tissue (fur, muscle and collagen) on the Euclidean distance to group centroids in a 2 dimensional isotope space formed by respective δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values in Icelandic arctic foxes.

<p>These distances can be interpreted as a measure of population wide isotope niche breadth.</p

Isotope niche breadth of adult and juvenile foxes from coastal (open symbols) and inland (closed symbols) habitats on Iceland.

<p>Isotope niche breadth was estimated as the Euclidian distances to group centroids in a 2 dimensional isotope space formed by δ¹³C and δ¹³N. Figure presents mean ± 1 SE.</p

Results from linear mixed models on the effects of habitat (coastal or inland), age of animal (adult or juvenile) and tissue (fur, muscle and collagen) on δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in Icelandic arctic foxes.

<p>Results from linear mixed models on the effects of habitat (coastal or inland), age of animal (adult or juvenile) and tissue (fur, muscle and collagen) on δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in Icelandic arctic foxes.</p

Biplots of δ¹³C and δ¹³N values of fur (A, B), muscle (C, D) and collagen (E, F) samples from adult and juvenile arctic foxes from coastal (open symbols) and inland (closed symbols) habitats on Iceland.

<p>Biplots of δ¹³C and δ¹³N values of fur (A, B), muscle (C, D) and collagen (E, F) samples from adult and juvenile arctic foxes from coastal (open symbols) and inland (closed symbols) habitats on Iceland.</p

bi4africa dataset - open source

The bii4africa dataset is presented in a multi-spreadsheet .ods file. The raw data spreadsheet (‘Scores_Raw’) includes 31,313 individual expert estimates of the impact of a sub-Saharan African land use on a species response group of terrestrial vertebrates or vascular plants. Estimates are reported as intactness scores - the remaining proportion of an ‘intact’ reference (pre-industrial or contemporary wilderness area) population of a species response group in a land use, on a scale from 0 (no individuals remain) through 0.5 (half the individuals remain), to 1 (same as the reference population) and, in limited cases, to 2 (two or more times the reference population). For species that thrive in human-modified landscapes, scores could be greater than 1 but not exceeding 2 to avoid extremely large scores biasing aggregation exercises. Expert comments are included alongside respective estimates