Energetics and development modes of Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean including Burdwood Bank/MPA Namuncurá

Reproduction is a highly expensive process that during gonadal development requires an important supply of nutrients. The allocation of energy can vary throughout the reproductive cycle, between sexes and development modes. During research cruise aboard the RV Puerto Deseado in April 2016, we collected fifteen species of sea stars from the southernmost region of Argentina. The main purposes of the present study were threefold: first, to revise and report novel information on the reproductive strategies and energetic density (ED) of body components from the asteroids of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean including Burdwood Bank/ MPA Namuncurá; second, to compare the ED of these body components across species with contrasting reproductive strategies; third, to provide a tool to estimate the ED from dry mass of organs of the sea star species examined. Ovaries of Diplopteraster verrucosus (a brooder with a nidamental chamber) revealed a significantly greater ED than did the testes (29.81 ± 1.38 and 17.76 ± 1.59, respectively). In Glabraster antarctica (a broadcaster with yolky eggs and facultative planktotrophic larvae), the gonads had EDs of 25.78 ± 3.16 and 19.21 ± 0.52 (females and males, respectively). While in Peribolaster folliculatus (a broadcaster with eggs with low yolk content and inferred planktotrophic larvae) there was no significant difference in the ED values between sexes (females: 22.79 ± 1.10 and males: 20.46 ± 1.05). For the pyloric caeca, ED values did not reveal any difference between sexes, although in P. folliculatus, the ED was significantly higher than that for D. verrucosus and G. antarctica (25.90 ± 1.00, 23.03 ± 0.34, and 22.66 ± 0.65, respectively). The body wall had higher ED values in D. verrucosus and P. folliculatus than that for all the sea star species analyzed (46.48 ± 1.63, 51.17 ± 1.34, respectively). Higher ED values in the ovaries could be related to the nutrition of offspring, while differences found in the body wall may reflect the skeletal structure of this body component. This research provides basic information for understanding the differences on energetic allocation when contrasting development modes are considered.Fil: Fraysse, Cintia Pamela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Pérez, Analía F.. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Calcagno, Javier Ángel. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Boy, Claudia Clementina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Effects of artificial diets with different carotene content on the organoleptic characteristics of the gonads and reproductive condition of Loxechinus albus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

The organoleptic characteristics of sea urchins gonads (size and color, among others) can be improved by artificial diets. Loxechinus albus is considered one of the most economically significant resources from the littoral-benthic systems in the South Pacific Ocean from Peru to Chile. The objective was to determine artificial diets effects on the organoleptic traits of gonads, reproductive condition, body growth and survival of Loxechinus albus. Two types of diets were administrated (low carotene content diet (LC): balanced food with 0.02% β-carotene and high carotene content diet (HC): balanced food with 0.045% β-carotene) for 16 weeks. As a measurement of growth rate, test diameter of sea urchins fed with artificial diets was measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. At both times, size (GI) and color (CI) of the gonads were recorded in ten individuals from each treatment and ten from the natural population (NP). Energy density (ED), energy content (EC) and total carotenes (TCC) were determined by calorimetry and spectrophotometry, respectively. Histological sections were examined microscopically and the sex was identified. Each female was assigned to a gametogenic stage (reproductive condition) and determined: number and diameter of the oocytes, gonadal area occupied by oocytes, and relative frequencies of reproductive stages. At the end of the experiment in relation to the NP, it was possible to achieve higher GI values for both artificial diets. The NP showed higher gonadal area occupied by oocytes and larger oocyte diameter at 16 weeks (P<0.01). In addition, individuals fed with both artificial diets, presented “growth” and “advanced growth” gonad stages (both times), while the NP individuals, presented stages of “prematurity”, “maturity” and “partial spawning” at week 16. The data shows the highest CI value for the HC diet at eight weeks (P<0.01). Moreover, TCC values for the NP were significantly higher at week 16 (P<0.01). Loxechinus albus is an appropriate species to be kept in captivity, as their mortality is very low, facilitating the achievement of long-term experiences of gonadal improvement. According to our data the optimal time to improve the organoleptic characteristics is eight weeks with a high carotene artificial diet, since optimal gonad coloration was reached, and GI values did not differ significantly from the ones achieved at the end of the experiment for both diets, or the ones shown in the NP. This is translated into a lower cost by a reduced cultivation time.Fil: Fraysse, Cintia Pamela. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Malanga, Gabriela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Pérez, Analía Fernanda. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Reproductive traits of the intertidal sea star Anasterias antarctica (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Beagle Channel, Argentina

Sea stars display diverse reproduction strategies and development patterns. Anasterias antarctica (Lütken, 1857) is an oral-brooder species with a wide distribution that plays an essential role as a top predator in the Beagle Channel intertidal and sub-tidal communities. Eight seasonal samplings (February, May, August, and November) were carried out during 2017 and 2018 at Ensenada Zaratiegui Bay (54°51ʹ S; 68°29ʹ W). The main objective was to describe the reproductive cycle of A. antarctica, the second to compare reproductive traits between two intertidal levels, and the third to study the ontogeny of the latest stages of the brooded offspring. Unexpectedly, females displayed two consecutive annual reproductive cycles. One cycle corresponds to the production of a few large oocytes (oocytes IV: 1080.0 ± 27.92 µm) that will develop into a lecithotrophic larva, which will be brooded (Cycle I), and the other cycle produces many smaller oocytes (oocytes ii: 219.30 ± 12.59 µm) and co-occurs with the brooding period (Cycle II). In both sexes, differences in the duration of gametogenesis and, in females, also differential resource allocation patterns were observed between the high and low intertidal zones. High intertidal individuals showed a delay in the onset of gametogenesis and an extension of its duration. Also, in females, the leap in the gonad wet weight (GW) occurs in latter reproductive stages in the high intertidal individuals. Aborted eggs and abnormal metamorphic juveniles could serve as nutritional reserves for the brooded offspring. Although the viability of the second spawning is still to be confirmed, this result raises new hypotheses about the reproduction of the brooder and wide-distributed A. antarctica.Fil: Fraysse, Cintia Pamela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Boy, Claudia Clementina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Pérez, Analía Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas; Argentin

Asteroidea of the southern tip of South America, including Namuncurá Marine Protected Area at Burdwood Bank and Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina

In benthic communities, echinoderms are dominant in terms of abundance and diversity, and Asteroidea play an important role in the structure of communities. In the present study, Asteroidea were sampled in the recently created Namuncurá Marine Protected Area (N MPA) at Burdwood Bank (which has an average of 50–200 m depth and is delimited by abrupt slopes), the surrounding shelf break and Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina, at 24 stations at different depths and seabeds on board the oceanographic vessel ARA “Puerto Deseado.” A total of 32 Asteroidea species were identified. The bathymetric ranges were extended for two of them, and the geographic distribution was updated for seven of them, this being their first record in the N MPA. The N MPA showed higher asteroid richness than Tierra del Fuego Province and the surrounding shelf break. Moreover, this area presented species shared with Antarctica, which enhances the importance of the Malvinas Current (formed mainly by the contribution of Antarctic waters) in the larval dispersal of some species. On the other hand, a high percentage of the species found at the N MPA presented direct development with brooding females. The N MPA represents an important biodiversity hotspot. Thus, to contribute to the formulation of precise conservation strategies and enhance its protection, it is crucial to promote and continue the efforts to know more about the ecosystems at these latitudes.Fil: Fraysse, Cintia Pamela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Calcagno, Javier Ángel. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pérez, Analía Fernanda. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Effect of dietary carotenoids on lipoperoxidation in mature sea urchins Loxechinus albus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Present study consists the effects of dietary carotenoids on the gonad and gut index, colour of gonads, carotenoid pigments and lipid peroxidation in the gonads and gut of the sea urchin Loxechinus albus. Individuals were fed for 8 weeks with the following diets: (A) fresh algae, (B) and (C) enriched with 0.02% and 0.045% all trans β-carotene, respectively. After treatment, no significant differences were found in total weight, test diameter, gonad and gut indexes but gonads of L. albus fed on Diet C showed a better color than those fed on other diets. Histological analysis showed differences in the gonad reproductive condition among treatments. Content of β-carotene in gonads and gut showed no significant differences among treatments, neither between organs. The content of echinenone in gonads was significantly higher than in gut for Diet C and the field control. Lipid radical content was lower in gonads than in gut for Diet C. The content of α-tocopherol in gonads was higher in sea urchins fed on Diet C and in the field control, than in sea urchins fed on Diet A and B.Fil: Perez, Analia Fernanda. Universidad Maimónides. Area de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Lattuca, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Fraysse, Cintia Pamela. Universidad Maimónides. Area de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Malanga, Gabriela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentin

Reproductive biology and energetics of the brooding sea star anasterias antarctica (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the beagle channel, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

The brooding sea star Anasterias antarctica is distributed from the coast of Patagonia to the northern Peninsula of Antarctica. In the Beagle Channel, the females of A. antarctica brood their eggs for seven months and do not feed during this period. The endoparasite Dendrogaster argentinensis (Crustacea: Ascothoracica) causes castration in several species of Anasterias. We randomly collected four samplings of adults in May, August and October (brooding period) and January (non-brooding period). The gonad (GI) and pyloric caeca index (PCI) were calculated as organ wet weight (g) x 100/total wet weight (g). Each individual was sexed by microscopic examination of the gonads. Sex ratio, brooding females/non-brooding females and mature females/ non-mature females ratios was 1:1. The male GI reached maximum values in January, when most individuals were sexually mature. The GI of non-brooding females reached its maximum during October when it was significantly higher than those from brooding females. The PCI was minimum in October, being lower in brooding females (August and October). During the non-brooding period, mature females had a significantly higher GI than non-mature females. The PCI did not vary neither between males, nor between mature and non mature females. By the end of the brooding period, non-brooding females showed a higher GI than the brooding females. This is explained by proliferation and increase of the oocytes size of non-brooding females. Mature females showed an incremented GI with presence of mature oocytes, while non-mature females exhibited more abundance of previtelogenic oocytes. Males showed synchronicity in reproductive condition. The females that have not brooded presented a process of active gametogenesis, reaching the summer with a high GI, therefore becoming mature females. Females that had brooded were probably lacking energy for new gonadal maturation. The pyloric caeca would be performing the role of a reserve organ in the brooding females, decreasing its size during the brooding period. Prevalence of D. argentinensis in A. antarctica was 11.06%. As this parasite was recorded in sea stars lacking gonads, these infected hosts could have been castrated.Fil: Pérez, Analía Fernanda. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Fraysse, Cintia Pamela. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; ArgentinaFil: Boy, Claudia Clementina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Epherra, Lucía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral; ArgentinaFil: Calcagno, Javier Ángel. Universidad Maimónides. Área de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y de Diagnóstico; Argentin

Brooding in the southern ocean: The case of the pterasterid sea star diplopteraster verrucosus (sladen, 1882)

Diplopteraster verrucosus is a sea star that incubates its offspring in nidamental chambers. The offspring rely exclusively on maternally provided nutrition. The retention of the embryonic stages allows the allocation of nutritional supplies fromthe female to the brooded juveniles during the brooding period. Themain objectives of this study are, first, to quantify the reproductive investment of D. verrucosus and, second, to describe the morphology, energetics, and oxidative metabolism throughout early ontogenetic stages. A skewed sex ratio of 2:1 females:males was found, and 17 of 39 females were brooding. Both brooding and non-brooding females showed higher energy density and total antioxidant capacity in their gonads than males. We identified three cohorts of offspring being retained within the female body simultaneously. Energy density and reactive oxygen species increased significantly with the offspring’s volume throughout ontogeny. Moreover, we found evidence of at least two key events during ontogeny. First, the depletion of antioxidants, the increase of reactive oxygen species, and the development of a complete digestive system appear to trigger feeding on the mothers’s pyloric caeca. Second, another oxidative imbalance appears to be associated with the release of the brooded juveniles to the environment. Therefore, oxidative balance and energetic variances may be associated with development of autonomous feeding and juvenile release in D. verrucosus.Fil: Fraysse, Cintia Pamela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Maimonides. Centro de Ciencias Naturales, Ambientales y Antropologicas.; ArgentinaFil: Boy, Claudia Clementina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Becker, Yamila Anabella. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Calcagno, Javier Ángel. Universidad Maimonides. Centro de Ciencias Naturales, Ambientales y Antropologicas.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pérez, Soledad Analía. Universidad Maimonides. Centro de Ciencias Naturales, Ambientales y Antropologicas.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Reproductive traits in the southernmost landlocked population of the fish Galaxias maculatus

This work aimed to study the reproductive traits of the southernmost landlocked population of Galaxias maculatus living under extreme environmental conditions (54.5° S). Individuals were measured, weighed, sexed, and dissected. The reproductive cycle was analyzed based on the monthly variation of the gonadosomatic indices (GSIs) and the monthly proportion of gonadal stages (established through histology). Fecundity was evaluated by counting macroscopically hydrated oocytes. The reproductive season of G. maculatus in the population assessed extended from March through November (the more protracted for the species described so far). The GSI was higher in males than females, with maximum individual values occurring at the final maturation stage. The simultaneous presence of postovulatory follicles and developing oocytes indicates iteroparity. Our results suggest lower instantaneous investment in reproduction at the individual level but a more prolonged throughout the year than other populations of the species, even under more extreme winter conditions. Considering the increased reproduction costs under extreme habitats and based on our findings, we suggest how populations from the same geographic area can deploy different strategies to cope with energy trade-offs. These results highlight the importance of integrated physiological and ecological approaches to elucidate the basis for variation in life-history traits.Fil: Boy, Claudia Clementina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Rojo, Javier Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Fraysse, Cintia Pamela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Odetto, Aylen. No especifíca;Fil: Aureliano, Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Pérez, Analía Fernanda. Universidad Maimonides. Centro de Ciencias Naturales, Ambientales y Antropologicas.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

First evidence of microplastics in the Marine Protected Area Namuncurá at Burdwood Bank, Argentina: a study on Henricia obesa and Odontaster penicillatus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Large quantities of microplastics end up in the marine environment, constituting a potential threat for many organisms even in remote protected areas where the extent of this type of pollution is still unknown. This study evaluated for the first time the occurrence of microplastics in benthic organisms from the Marine Protected Area Namuncurá at Burdwood Bank, Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Microplastics were isolated from the soft tissue of the sea stars Henricia obesa and Odontaster penicillatus using an oxidative treatment with hydrogen peroxide. The chemical composition of the particles was identified with Raman spectroscopy. Fibers and fragments were found in similar proportions in both species. Fibers were identified as semi-synthetic cellulose, while the polymeric composition of fragments was masked by the synthetic pigment Phthalo blue. Over half of the sea stars contained microplastics (61%). In H. obesa, the mean abundance was 1.00 ± 1.03 particles per individual and 3.34 ± 4.13 particles per gram, and in O. penicillatus, the mean abundance was 2.70 ± 2.91 particles per individual and 1.94 ± 2.09 particles per gram. Fibers were predominantly blue, and all fragments were bluish/turquoise. Microplastic sizes ranged from 24 to 1340 µm, and most particles (approximately 90%) were less than 1 mm. These results provide a baseline assessment of the abundance and type of microplastics in benthic organisms from this sub-Antarctic protected area and contribute to the scant data on microplastic pollution in the South Atlantic Ocean.Fil: Cossi, Paula Fanny. Universidad Maimónides; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ojeda, Mariel Adriana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Maimónides; ArgentinaFil: Chiesa, Ignacio Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Rimondino, Guido Noé. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Fraysse, Cintia Pamela. Universidad Maimónides; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Calcagno, Javier Ángel. Universidad Maimónides; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pérez, Analía Fernanda. Universidad Maimónides; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Complex network of trophic interactions in Burdwood Bank, a sub-Antarctic oceanic marine protected area

The world’s oceans designated under marine protection have increased recently. Most Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) target vulnerable, keystone, charismatic and/or endemic species. In the sub-Antarctic, ocean protection is associated to oceanic islands, except for MPAs Namuncurá - Burdwood Bank I and II (MPA N-BB, ~53o – 55oS and ~56o – 62oW), which are associated to a submarine plateau and a southern deep slope, respectively. We present the first analysis of the predator-prey network for the MPA N-BB, applying a topological network approach to characterise the complexity and structure of the food web, and identify the species’ role. The MPA N-BB food web consisted of 1788 interactions and 379 species, with a connectance of 0.01. Almost half of the consumers feed at more than one trophic level (0.48), and the network displayed a small-world pattern (short path length, high clustering of compartments). This network pattern suggests that the ecosystem might be vulnerable to perturbations targeting highly connected species, although some properties might provide resilience and resistance, resulting in a rearranged structure that preserves its original functions. Several species arose as important for the trophic structure and functioning, and response to perturbations. Generalist species, mainly fishes, play a crucial role in the benthopelagic coupling and should be considered as relevant energy transfers for the ecosystem. We argue that the diversity of species, including both the benthic and pelagic habitats, is responsible for securing the connectivity within the food web against perturbations, therefore contributing to the structure and stability of the ecosystem.Fil: Marina, Tomas Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Schloss, Irene Ruth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino. Coordinación Científica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambientales y Recursos Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Lovrich, Gustavo Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Boy, Claudia Clementina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambientales y Recursos Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Bruno, Daniel Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambientales y Recursos Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Capitanio, Fabiana Lia. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Delpiani, Sergio Matias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Díaz de Astarloa, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Fraysse, Cintia Pamela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: García Alonso, Virginia Andrea. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Raya Rey, Andrea Nélida. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unidos. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambientales y Recursos Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Schejter, Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; ArgentinaFil: Spinelli, Mariela Lorena. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Tatian, Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Urteaga, Diego Gaston. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Riccialdelli, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin