Procedure.

<p>(A) Schematic illustration of the procedure with the components training of the cognitive task, treatment (i.e., Trier Social Stress Test, TSST, or standardized control situation) and cognitive testing (including testing parts 1-4). Note that each part comprised two PM block-Test block cycles. In addition, measurement time-points of salivary α-amylase (sAA), cortisol and mental-state with the German “Mehrdimensionaler Befindlichkeitsfragebogen” (multidimensional mental-state questionnaire, MDBF [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085685#B31" target="_blank">31</a>]) are given. Note that at time point -1 min, the saliva sample was taken before TSST or control treatment, whereas the MDBF was completed after treatment instruction, to enable assessing anticipation of the upcoming treatment. (B) Example trial sequence of the prospective memory (PM) block and Test block. As ongoing task participants performed animate vs. inanimate categorizations on German nouns in all trials except for PM trials, on which they were required to press the spacebar. Aftereffects of completed intentions were assessed in the Test block as ongoing-task performance differences between PM_REPEATED compared to standard trials. Note colored framing of trial types was not present in the experiment but serves exclusively to illustrate different trial types in this figure.</p

Neuroendocrine measures.

<p>Mean salivary α-amylase (sAA) and cortisol levels for the stress group and the no-stress group over the time-course of the experimental session (minutes before or after the Trier Social Stress Test [TSST] or the control condition, respectively). Error bars represent standard errors. *<i>p</i> < .05, **<i>p</i> < .01, ***<i>p</i> < .001.</p

Cognitive performance.

<p>Mean response time (RT) and mean error rates for the Prospective memory (PM) block and the Test block as a function of trial type (PM block: standard vs. PM; Test block: standard vs. PM_REPEATED) and treatment (stress vs. no stress). Error bars represent standard errors. </p

12-months of increased dietary intake does not exacerbate disordered eating-related attitudes, stress, or depressive symptoms in women with exercise-associated menstrual disturbances: the REFUEL randomized controlled trial

Disordered eating-related attitudes are a leading cause of energy deficiency and menstrual disturbances in exercising women. Although treatment recommendations include psychological counseling with increases in dietary intake, a key concern is whether increased dietary intake may exacerbate negative eating behaviors. Objective: To determine the effects of a 12-month nutritional intervention on eating-related attitudes and psychological characteristics in exercising women with oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea (Oligo/Amen). Methods: Intent-to-treat analysis of the REFUEL randomized controlled trial (#NCT00392873) in 113 exercising women (age [mean±SEM]:] 21.9±0.4 yrs; BMI: 20.9±0.2 kg/m2). Women were randomized to increase energy intake 20-40% above baseline energy needs (Oligo/Amen+Cal, n=40) or maintain energy intake (Oligo/Amen Control, n=36) while maintaining their exercise behaviors. A reference group of ovulatory women (OVref, n=37) maintained diet and exercise behaviors. Body composition, eating behavior, stress, and depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and every 3 months. Results: At baseline, the Oligo/Amen groups had higher drive for thinness, cognitive restraint, and eating disorder risk than OVref group (p Discussion: Long-term nutritional intervention consisting of modest increases in dietary intake with guidance from a registered dietician and a psychologist increases body and fat mass without increasing disordered eating-related attitudes, stress, or depressive symptoms in exercising women with Oligo/Amen.</p

Olfactory bulb volumes.

*<p>two-tailed = 0.179.</p

Smaller volumes of subcortical structures in ALL-subjects compared to controls as revealed by FIRST analysis.

*<p>two-tailed.</p>*<p>P<0.05 two-tailed.</p

Demographics of ALL-survivors and non-exposed, healthy controls (N/A = non applicable, SD = standard deviation).

<p>Demographics of ALL-survivors and non-exposed, healthy controls (N/A = non applicable, SD = standard deviation).</p

Results of neuropsychological testing.

<p><i>Note.</i> CFT 20-R = Culture Fair Intelligence Test 20-R. CPT = Continous Performance Test. LGT-3 = German learning and memory test “Lern- und Gedächtnistest”.</p

Results from olfactory function tests.

*<p>two-tailed.</p

Brain areas which demonstrated decreased volume based on VBM analysis.

<p>Local maxima (MNI) correspond to slices depicted. <i>P</i> uncorrected <0.001, cluster size >20 voxels; expected false discovery rate: <i>P</i><0.02.</p