The measured forces in the three trial types against spring stiffness.

<p>Mean force with error bars indicating standard deviation in CRPS-patients (left) and in controls (right). For reference, both panels are supplemented with the measured forces in the reference and blind trials with the infinitely stiff spring.</p

Sensory weighting of position feedback.

<p>Mean position weights in CRPS-patients (solid) and in controls (dashed) with error bars indicating the standard error of the mean. Note that 1.0 implies only position weighting, while 0.0 implies only force weighting.</p

Sensory weighting of force feedback.

<p>Mean force weights in CRPS-patients (solid) and in controls (dashed) with error bars indicating the standard error of the mean. Note that 1.0 implies only force weighting, while 0.0 implies only position weighting.</p

Experimental setup.

<p>The subject controlled a haptic manipulator that simulated a spring. During reference trials the measured force was displayed together with the target force. During blind and catch trials the visual feedback was disabled. The subject operated a foot switch to indicate (s)he believed to have acquired the target force.</p

Table3_Comparison of Multi-Tensor Diffusion Models' Performance for White Matter Integrity Estimation in Chronic Stroke.DOCX

<p>Better insight into white matter (WM) alterations after stroke onset could help to understand the underlying recovery mechanisms and improve future interventions. MR diffusion imaging enables to assess such changes. Our goal was to investigate the relation of WM diffusion characteristics derived from diffusion models of increasing complexity with the motor function of the upper limb. Moreover, we aimed to evaluate the variation of such characteristics across different WM structures of chronic stroke patients in comparison to healthy subjects. Subjects were scanned with a two b-value diffusion-weighted MRI protocol to exploit multiple diffusion models: single tensor, single tensor with isotropic compartment, bi-tensor model, bi-tensor with isotropic compartment. From each model we derived the mean tract fractional anisotropy (FA), mean (MD), radial (RD) and axial (AD) diffusivities outside the lesion site based on a WM tracts atlas. Asymmetry of these measures was correlated with the Fugl-Meyer upper extremity assessment (FMA) score and compared between patient and control groups. Eighteen chronic stroke patients and eight age-matched healthy individuals participated in the study. Significant correlation of the outcome measures with the clinical scores of stroke recovery was found. The lowest correlation of the corticospinal tract FA_asymmetry and FMA was with the single tensor model (r = −0.3, p = 0.2) whereas the other models reported results in the range of r = −0.79 ÷ −0.81 and p = 4E-5 ÷ 8E-5. The corticospinal tract and superior longitudinal fasciculus showed most alterations in our patient group relative to controls. Multiple compartment models yielded superior correlation of the diffusion measures and FMA compared to the single tensor model.</p

Typical example of the calculated instantaneous helical axes for Cir, Abd, and FE motions in the <i>xy</i>-plane.

<p>Selected axes are plotted for each motion dataset. P_opt: the optimal pivot point (the kinematic GH-JRC calculated using the IHA- method).</p

The 3D positions of the scapular anatomical landmarks as well as the kinematic and geometric GH-JRC.

<p>The AA point was used as the basis for aligning the measured and CT-based landmarks.</p><p>All values are in cm.</p><p>Kin.: kinematic.</p><p><i>d</i>: the Euclidian distance between the kinematic and the CT-based GH-JRC.</p

Detailed information for the measured subjects.

<p>Detailed information for the measured subjects.</p

The results of the paired t-Test and post-hoc power analysis.

<p><i>e</i>: the repeatability error.</p><p><i>d</i>: the Euclidian distance between the kinematic and geometric GH-JRC.</p><p>*: significant difference (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

The repeatability error (<i>e</i>) for the IHA and SCoRE methods.

<p>The repeatability error (<i>e</i>) for the IHA and SCoRE methods.</p