2 research outputs found

    Molekularna i fenotypowa charakterystyka szczep贸w Staphylococcus aureus wyizolowanych od kr贸w z zapaleniem gruczo艂u mlekowego

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    Wydzia艂 PrzyrodniczyPrzedmiotem bada艅 by艂y 123 szczepy S. aureus wyizolowane w latach 2007-2008 z mleka pochodz膮cego od kr贸w ze stad hodowlanych w Polsce p贸艂nocno-wschodniej, u kt贸rych stwierdzono podkliniczne zapalenie gruczo艂u mlekowego. Celem pracy by艂a ocena wyst臋powania u tych szczep贸w wybranych czynnik贸w zjadliwo艣ci, wa偶nych w patogenezie mastitis takich, jak wytwarzanie enzym贸w proteolitycznych, lipolitycznych, hialuronidazy oraz zdolno艣膰 tworzenia biofilmu. Oceniono tak偶e wyst臋powanie w genomach badanych szczep贸w S. aureus gen贸w koduj膮cych adhezyny, proteazy, toksyny oraz gen贸w zwi膮zanych z tworzeniem biofilmu. Ponadto szczepy S. aureus zosta艂y przeanalizowane pod wzgl臋dem wra偶liwo艣ci na wybrane antybiotyki i inne substancje o aktywno艣ci przeciwdrobnoustrojowej oraz pod wzgl臋dem zr贸偶nicowania genetycznego. Przynale偶no艣膰 do gatunku S. aureus potwierdzona zosta艂a w oparciu o morfologi臋 kom贸rek, zdolno艣膰 wytwarzania katalazy, spos贸b wzrostu izolat贸w na agarze od偶ywczym z dodatkiem 5% krwi baraniej i na pod艂o偶u Chapmana oraz na podstawie pozytywnego testu na obecno艣膰 czynnika CF. Ostatecznie przynale偶no艣膰 izolat贸w do gatunku S. aureus potwierdzono wykonuj膮c reakcj臋 amplifikacji fragmentu genu nuc, koduj膮cego termostabiln膮 nukleaz臋, w kt贸rej u偶yto starter贸w specyficznych dla zakonserwowanego fragmentu genu nuc, wyst臋puj膮cego u S. aureus. Zdolno艣膰 tworzenia biofilmu przez szczepy S. aureus na powierzchni polistyrenowej oceniono stosuj膮c p艂ytki titracyjne. Badanie wra偶liwo艣ci szczep贸w na antybiotyki przeprowadzano metod膮 dyfuzyjno-kr膮偶kow膮, natomiast wytwarzanie 尾-laktamaz oceniano wykorzystuj膮c pa艂eczki z nitrocefin膮. Obecno艣膰 gen贸w koduj膮cych wybrane czynniki wirulencji (geny koduj膮ce proteazy, adhezyny, toksyny, bia艂ka uczestnicz膮ce w tworzeniu biofilmu) oraz geny koduj膮ce mechanizmy oporno艣ci S. aureus na antybiotyki 尾-laktamowe, wykrywano stosuj膮c technik臋 PCR. Dokonano r贸wnie偶 oceny aktywno艣ci przeciwdrobnoustrojowej lizostafiny, nizyny oraz polimyksyny B ustalaj膮c warto艣ci MIC dla szczep贸w S. aureus, wykazuj膮cych oporno艣膰 na co najmniej jeden badany antybiotyk. Typowanie molekularne szczep贸w S. aureus zosta艂o przeprowadzone w oparciu o analiz臋 polimorfizmu d艂ugo艣ci fragment贸w restrykcyjnych amplifikowanego fragmentu genu coa (PCR/RFLP). Wszystkie oceniane szczepy S. aureus wytwarza艂y proteazy oraz powodowa艂y hemoliz臋 typu 尾. Wi臋kszo艣膰 szczep贸w wytwarza艂a fosfolipazy, natomiast ponad po艂owa szczep贸w S. aureus wytwarza艂a hialuronidaz臋. W grupie 123 szczep贸w S. aureus 61,8% tworzy艂o biofilm na powierzchni polistyrenowej. Stwierdzono, 偶e nie wszystkie szczepy, u kt贸rych wykryto geny operonu ica, koduj膮ce bia艂ka zwi膮zane z tworzeniem biofilmu, wytwarza艂y biofilm na powierzchni polistyrenowej. W艣r贸d gen贸w koduj膮cych bia艂ka umo偶liwiaj膮ce przyleganie S. aureus do macierzy zewn膮trzkom贸rkowej, najcz臋艣ciej identyfikowano gen eno (91,9%), koduj膮cy bia艂ko wi膮偶膮ce laminin臋 oraz gen fib (82,9%), koduj膮cy bia艂ko wi膮偶膮ce fibrynogen. Geny fnbA i fnbB koduj膮ce adhezyny wi膮偶膮ce fibronektyn臋 by艂y obecne u 64,5% szczep贸w. Analiza klasterowa gen贸w koduj膮cych adhezyny wykaza艂a, 偶e geny fib, eno i fnbB nale偶a艂y do grupy gen贸w cz臋sto identyfikowanych w ocenianej populacji szczep贸w S. aureus, w odr贸偶nieniu od gen贸w cna, bbp, fnbA i ebps, kt贸re nale偶a艂y do grupy gen贸w rzadko identyfikowanych. Na podstawie obecno艣ci w genomach ocenianych szczep贸w S. aureus gen贸w koduj膮cych bia艂ka adhezyjne zidentyfikowano 17 r贸偶nych genotyp贸w. Najcz臋艣ciej identyfikowan膮 grup膮 gen贸w koduj膮cych proteazy by艂y geny koduj膮ce proteazy serynowe, natomiast geny koduj膮ce toksyny eksfoliatywne wyst臋powa艂y rzadko u ocenianych szczep贸w S. aureus. Wyst臋powanie gen贸w koduj膮cych proteazy serynowe by艂o podstaw膮 do wyr贸偶nienia 12 genotyp贸w, z kt贸rych 3 by艂y najcz臋stsze. Geny koduj膮ce enterotoksyny zidentyfikowano u 35,8% szczep贸w S. aureus. Geny sei (21,1%), sem (19,5%), sen (19,5%), seg (18,7%) i seo (13,8%) wyst臋powa艂y cz臋艣ciej ni偶 inne geny koduj膮ce enterotoksyny i tworzy艂y jeden klaster gen贸w. W oparciu o wyniki identyfikacji wybranych gen贸w utworzono wirulotypy, kt贸re wyst膮pi艂y w badanej populacji szczep贸w S. aureus. Oko艂o 18% szczep贸w nale偶a艂o do wirulotypu zawieraj膮cego geny koduj膮ce proteazy serynowe, tj. splA, splE i sspA oraz geny fib, eno i fnbB, koduj膮ce adhezyny. W grupie ocenianych szczep贸w najwi臋ksz膮 oporno艣膰 zaobserwowano w przypadku antybiotyk贸w 尾-laktamowych z grupy penicylin. Wi臋kszo艣膰 szczep贸w wykazuj膮cych oporno艣膰 na t臋 grup臋 antybiotyk贸w mia艂o gen blaZ. Dwa szczepy S. aureus by艂y wielooporne, z kt贸rych jeden wykazywa艂 oporno艣膰 na antybiotyki nale偶膮ce do aminoglikozyd贸w, linkozamid贸w oraz makrolid贸w, natomiast drugi by艂 dodatkowo oporny na penicylin臋. Szczepy S. aureus by艂y wra偶liwe na dzia艂anie lizostafiny, gdy偶 uzyskane warto艣ci MIC w stosunku do badanych szczep贸w mie艣ci艂y si臋 w zakresie 0,008-0,5 渭g/ml. Ponad po艂owa szczep贸w S. aureus by艂a wra偶liwa na nizyn臋, a uzyskane warto艣ci MIC zawiera艂y si臋 w zakresie 12,8-25,6 渭g/ml. W oparciu o analiz臋 polimorfizmu d艂ugo艣ci fragment贸w restrykcyjnych amplifikowanego fragmentu genu coa (PCR/RFLP) w艣r贸d szczep贸w S. aureus pochodz膮cych od kr贸w z objawami mastitis ze stad hodowlanych w Polsce p贸艂nocno-wschodniej wyodr臋bniono 11 r贸偶nych genotyp贸w. Wi臋kszo艣膰 szczep贸w (ponad 67%) nale偶a艂a do jednego genotypu.The subject of the study were 123 S. aureus strains, isolated in 2007-2008, from cow milk. Animals came from breeding herds in north-eastern Poland, they were found to have subclinical mastitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence in S. aureus strains selected virulence factors that are important in the pathogenesis of mastitis, such as the production of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes, hyaluronidase and the ability to form biofilms. S. aureus strains were also evaluated to occur in their genomes genes coding for adhesins, proteases, toxins and genes associated with biofilm formation. In addition, S. aureus strains were analyzed for susceptibility to selected antibiotics and other substances having antimicrobial activity and in terms of genetic diversity. Belonging to the S. aureus species was confirmed on the basis of cell morphology, the ability to produce catalase, the type of growth on nutrient agar with 5% sheep blood and Chapman medium and on the basis of a positive test for the presence of the CF factor. Finally, belonging to the S. aureus species was confirmed by performing an amplification reaction of the fragment of nuc gene, encoding a thermostable nuclease. Primers used in the reaction were specific for conserved nuc gene fragment present in S. aureus. The ability to form biofilm by S. aureus on the polystyrene surface was evaluated using microtiter plates. The study of S. aureus susceptibility to antibiotics was performed by disc diffusion test, while the production of 尾-lactamases was evaluated using sticks with nitrocefin. The presence of genes encoding selected virulence factors (the genes encoding proteases, adhesins, toxins, proteins involved in biofilm formation) and genes encoding resistance mechanisms of S. aureus to 尾-lactam antibiotics, were detected by PCR method. It was also assessed the antimicrobial activity of lysostaphin, nisin and a polymyxin B in determining the MIC values for S. aureus strains, which were resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics. Molecular typing of S. aureus strains was performed by doing the analysis of polymorphisms restriction fragments length of amplified coa gene fragment (PCR/RFLP). All evaluated strains of S. aureus produced proteases and caused type 尾 hemolysis. Most of the strains produced phospholipases, and over half of the S. aureus strains produced hyaluronidase. Among 123 strains of S. aureus, 61,8 % formed biofilm on the polystyrene surface. It has been found that not all the strains carrying genes of the ica operon encoding proteins involved in the biofilm formation, produced biofilm on the polystyrene surface. Among the genes encoding proteins that enables S. aureus to adhere to the extracellular matrix, usually identified genes were eno (91,9%), encoding the laminin binding protein and the fib gene (82,9%), encoding a fibrinogen binding protein. Genes fnbA and fnbB coding fibronectin binding adhesin were present in 64,5% strains. Cluster analysis of the genes encoding the adhesins showed, that genes fib, eno and fnbB belonged to the group of genes which were often identified in the evaluated population of S. aureus strains, as compared with the genes cna, bbp, fnbA and ebps that belonged to the group of genes identified infrequently. On the basis of the presence in the genomes of evaluated S. aureus strains genes encoding adhesin proteins, it was identified 17 different genotypes. The most frequently identified group of genes encoding proteases were genes encoding serine proteases, while genes encoding exfoliative toxins were rarely identified in evaluated S. aureus strains. The presence of genes encoding serine proteases was the basis to distinguish 12 genotypes, of which 3 were the most common. The genes encoding enterotoxins have been identified in 35,8% of S. aureus strains. Genes sei (21,1%), sem (19,5%), sen (19,5%) , seg (18,7%) and seo (13,8%) occurred more frequently than other genes encoding enterotoxin and formed one gene cluster. Based on the results of the identification of selected genes, it was created virulotypes, that occurred in the evaluated population of S. aureus strains. About 18% of strains belonged to virulotype containing genes encoding serine proteases: splA, splE and sspA and genes fib, eno and fnbB encoding adhesins. It was observed that among evaluated strains, the most of them were resistant to 尾-lactam antibiotics from the group of penicillins. Most strains exhibiting resistance to this group of antibiotics carried gene blaZ. Two S. aureus strains were multidrug - resistant, one of which was resistant to the antibiotics belonging to the aminoglycosides, lincosamides and macrolides, and the other was also resistant to penicillin. S. aureus strains were sensitive to lysostaphin, since the resultant value of MIC against the tested strains ranged 0,008-0,5 渭g/ml. Over half of S. aureus strains were sensitive to nisin and the obtained MIC values were within the range 12,8-25,6 渭g /ml. Based on the analysis of polymorphisms restriction fragments length of amplified coa gene fragment (PCR/RFLP) among S. aureus strains derived from cows with symptoms of mastitis from breeding herds in north-eastern Poland, it was distinguished 11 different genotypes. Most strains (over 67%) belonged to one genotype

    Biofilm Formation by Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Strains from Hospitalized Patients in Poland

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    Biofilm-mediated infections in the hospital environment have a significant negative impact on patient health. This study aimed to investigate biofilm production in vitro and the presence of icaABCD genes in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains isolated from hospitalized patients. MRSA (73) and MSSA (57) strains were evaluated for biofilm production by the microtiter plate method. The presence of ica operon was investigated by PCR. Out of 130 strains, 99.2% were biofilm producers. Strong biofilms were formed by 39.7% of MRSA and 36.8% of MSSA strains. The highest percentage of strong biofilm producers was found among the strains isolated from sputum and tracheostomy tube (66.7%), nose and catheter (50%), throat (44.4%), and bronchoalveolar washings (43.8%). The strains isolated from bronchoalveolar washings produced significantly more biofilm than strains isolated from wound and anus. The ability of biofilm forming by fecal strains was significantly lower compared to strains from other materials. MRSA strains had significantly higher ability of biofilm formation than MSSA strains (P = 0.000247). The presence of ica operon in MRSA was detected in all strains. Comparison of strong biofilm biomass of the strains with icaABCD, icaABD, and icaAD revealed that strains with icaABCD and icaABD produced highly significantly more biofilm than strains with icaAD. Biofilm forming by both MRSA and MSSA strains indicates high ability of theses strains to persist in hospital environment which increases the risk of disease development in hospitalized patients
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