Concentration or representation : the struggle for popular sovereignty

There is a tension in the notion of popular sovereignty, and the notion of democracy associated with it, that is both older than our terms for these notions themselves and more fundamental than the apparently consensual way we tend to use them today. After a review of the competing conceptions of 'the people' that underlie two very different understandings of democracy, this article will defend what might be called a 'neo-Jacobin' commitment to popular sovereignty, understood as the formulation and imposition of a shared political will. A people's egalitarian capacity to concentrate both its collective intelligence and force, from this perspective, takes priority over concerns about how best to represent the full variety of positions and interests that differentiate and divide a community

H3K27ac marks representing active regulatory elements found near the locus of rs2917454 in gene <i>KCNMA1</i>.

<p>H3K27ac marks representing active regulatory elements found near the locus of rs2917454 in gene <i>KCNMA1</i>.</p

Genetic Variation in Genes Encoding Airway Epithelial Potassium Channels Is Associated with Chronic Rhinosinusitis in a Pediatric Population

<div><p>Background</p><p>Apical potassium channels regulate ion transport in airway epithelial cells and influence air surface liquid (ASL) hydration and mucociliary clearance (MCC). We sought to identify whether genetic variation within genes encoding airway potassium channels is associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).</p><p>Methods</p><p>Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes for selected potassium channels were derived from data generated on the Illumnia HumanHap550 BeadChip or Illumina Human610-Quad BeadChip for 828 unrelated individuals diagnosed with CRS and 5,083 unrelated healthy controls from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). Statistical analysis was performed with set-based tests using PLINK, and corrected for multiple testing.</p><p>Results</p><p>Set-based case control analysis revealed the gene <i>KCNMA1</i> was associated with CRS in our Caucasian subset of the cohort (598 CRS cases and 3,489 controls; p = 0.022, based on 10,000 permutations). In addition there was borderline evidence that the gene <i>KCNQ5</i> (p = 0.0704) was associated with the trait in our African American subset of the cohort (230 CRS cases and 1,594 controls). In addition to the top significant SNPs rs2917454 and rs6907229, imputation analysis uncovered additional genetic variants in <i>KCNMA1</i> and in <i>KCNQ5</i> that were associated with CRS.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>We have implicated two airway epithelial potassium channels as novel susceptibility loci in contributing to the pathogenesis of CRS.</p></div

Results of gene set-based analyses of 44 potassium channel genes.

<p>NSNP: number of SNPs within the gene and its upstream and downstream 20 kb genomic region; NSIG: number of significant SNPs; ISIG: number of independent significant SNPs; adj. P-value: P-value adjusted for multiple testing.</p

Imputed variants in gene <i>KCNMA1</i> with p-value<10⁻⁴ in the Caucasian cohort.

<p>Chr = chromosome; Pos = Position; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.</p

Schematic drawing of ciliated epithelial airway ion transport.

<p>Schematic drawing of ciliated epithelial airway ion transport.</p

Imputed variants in gene <i>KCNQ5</i> with p-value<10⁻⁴ in the African American cohort.

<p>Chr = chromosome; Pos = Position; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.</p

Significantly associated SNPs in genes <i>KCNMA1</i> and <i>KCNQ5</i>.

<p>SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism; Chr = chromosome; bp = base pair; MAF = minor allele frequency; OR = odds ratio; SE = standard error.</p

Regulatory elements at the significant loci in gene <i>KCNQ5</i>.

<p>r² and D′ are measures of LD between the indicated SNP and significant SNPs rs6907229 or rs9343015.</p

Demographics and clinical features of study groups.

<p>For Age, mean ± standard deviation is shown.</p