Description of the stimuli used in Study 2.

<p>The stimuli which are similar with respect to collaboration, but differ in content domain and superficial attributes are marked accordingly.</p

Descriptive Statistics of Study 2.

<p>Scores represent the number of the information type stated over all the stimuli by the subsequent group. RECALL is the number of script information answered only on the recall questions.</p

Example of a stimuli used in Study 1.

<p>Example of a stimuli used in Study 1.</p

Example of stimuli picture used in Study 2.

<p>Example of stimuli picture used in Study 2.</p

Paraphrased Examples of Experts and Novices from Social Sciences and Medicine

<p>Paraphrased Examples of Experts and Novices from Social Sciences and Medicine</p

Description of the stimuli used in Study 1.

<p>Description of the stimuli used in Study 1.</p

Descriptive Statistics of Study 1.

<p>Scores represent the number of the information type stated over all the stimuli for both conditions. RECALL is the number of script information deployed after recall questions.</p

Quality changing processes of the mitochondrial quality model.

<p>a) Metabolic fission and fusion process leads to two mitochondria of the same quality. b) Fusion of inner matrix components raises the lower mitochondrium to the quality level of the partner. Fission leads to an inactive mitochondrium while the partner maintains its quality. c) Mitophagy removes inactive mitochondria, biogenesis generates mitochondria of the highest quality. d) Mitochondrial repair renews the quality of mitochondria. e) Energy consumption lowers the quality of highly active mitochondria. f) External damage randomly decreases quality of mitochondria.</p

Sirt5 Deacylation Activities Show Differential Sensitivities to Nicotinamide Inhibition

<div><p>Sirtuins are protein deacylases regulating metabolism and aging processes, and the seven human isoforms are considered attractive therapeutic targets. Sirtuins transfer acyl groups from lysine sidechains to ADP-ribose, formed from the cosubstrate NAD⁺ by release of nicotinamide, which in turn is assumed to be a general Sirtuin inhibitor. Studies on Sirtuin regulation have been hampered, however, by shortcomings of available assays. Here, we describe a mass spectrometry–based, quantitative deacylation assay not requiring any substrate labeling. Using this assay, we show that the deacetylation activity of human Sirt5 features an unusual insensitivity to nicotinamide inhibition. In contrast, we find similar values for Sirt5 and Sirt3 for the intrinsic NAD⁺ affinity as well as the apparent NAD⁺ affinity in presence of peptide. Structure comparison and mutagenesis identify an Arg neighboring to the Sirt5 nicotinamide binding pocket as a mediator of nicotinamide resistance, and statistical sequence analyses along with testing further Sirtuins reveal a network of coevolved residues likely defining a nicotinamide-insensitive Sirtuin deacetylase family. The same Arg was recently reported to render Sirt5 a preferential desuccinylase, and we find that this Sirt5 activity is highly sensitive to nicotinamide inhibition. Analysis of Sirt5 structures and activity data suggest that an Arg/succinate interaction is the molecular basis of the differential nicotinamide sensitivities of the two Sirt5 activities. Our results thus indicate a Sirtuin subfamily with nicotinamide-insensitive deacetylase activity and suggest that the molecular features determining nicotinamide sensitivity overlap with those dominating deacylation specificity, possibly suggesting that other subfamily members might also prefer other acylations than acetylations.</p> </div