History of education in Croatian agriculture, with an emphasis on northwestern Croatia

Cilj je rada pružiti sumaran pregled povijesti obrazovanja na području poljoprivrede u Hrvatskoj, u kojemu je nezaobilaznu (a često i vodeću ulogu) imalo upravo područje sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Nakon što su u razdoblju kasnog srednjovjekovlja i u novovjekovlju nova znanja u hrvatske krajeve dolazila uglavnom preko utjecaja pojedinaca koji su se obrazovali na ustanovama u raznim europskim zemljama, sustavan rad na podizanju domaćih obrazovnih ustanova počeo je u 19. stoljeću. Presudan utjecaj na razvoj obrazovanja u poljoprivredi, a time i na razvitak poljoprivrede u Hrvatskoj imalo je utemeljenje Kraljevskog gospodarskog i šumarskog učilišta u Križevcima 1860. godine, prvog učilišta na južnoslavenskim prostorima, na hrvatskom jeziku. Budući da je u drugoj polovini 19. stoljeća u većem dijelu Europe i u Hrvatskoj poljoprivreda bila najraširenija djelatnost stanovništva, pored postojanja Kraljevskog gospodarskog i šumarskog učilišta u Križevcima osnovano je i nekoliko poljoprivrednih škola. Zbog nastavka razvoja poljoprivrede, koristeći se postojećim znanstveno-stručnim kadrom i opremom s križevačkog Kraljevskog gospodarskog i šumarskog učilišta, osniva se 1919. godine Gospodarsko šumarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Ta je institucija dugo vremena bila najviša visokoobrazovna i znanstvena institucija u poljoprivredi i šumarstvu u nas. Daljnjim razvojem poljoprivredne struke osnivaju se nove srednjoškolske, visokoškolske ustanove i znanstveni institut specijalizirani za obrazovni i znanstvenoistraživački rad u poljoprivredi. Svima njima ostaje zadaća obrazovati nove kadrove i usvajati nova znanja, posebice danas, kada se uslijed klimatskih promjena nastoji promijeniti paradigma poljoprivredne proizvodnje, od intenzivne prema održivoj i ekološkoj poljoprivredi.The aim of the paper is to provide a brief overview of the history of education in the field of agriculture in Croatia, in which the region of northwestern Croatia played an indispensable (and often leading) role. After in the period of the late Middle Ages and in the modern era, new knowledge came to Croatian regions mainly through the influence of individuals who were educated at institutions in various European countries, systematic work on the establishment of domestic educational institutions began in the 19th century. The founding of the Royal College of Economics and Forestry in Križevci in 1860, the first college in the South Slavic areas, in the Croatian language, had a decisive influence on the development of education in agriculture, and thus on the development of agriculture in Croatia. In 1919, the Faculty of Economic Forestry of the University of Zagreb was founded. With the further development of the agricultural profession, new high school, higher education institutions and a scientific institute specialized in educational and scientific research work in agriculture were founded

State and measures for improving Croatian agriculture in the context of EU accession

Hrvatska se primakla ulasku u Europsku uniju (u daljnjem tekstu EU). Budući da poljoprivreda u EU-i predstavlja jednu od najznačajnijih sastavnica gospoda-rstva, značajno je da nova članica ima napredniju poljoprivredu koja se može brzo prilagoditi njezinom tržištu. Pri tome je potrebno imati ustaljenu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju s potrebnim količinama i kvalitetnim poljoprivredno-prehrambenim proizvodima, ostvarivanim po cijenama nižim od svjetskih. Međutim naša poljoprivreda nije još riješila više postojećih problema pa sada moramo, u godini ulaska i vremenu prilagođavanja u EU-i, ubrzano raditi na njihovom rješavanjuDue to the fact that agriculture represents one of the main economy components in the EU, it is significant that Croatia, as the new member state, has a considerably advanced agriculture, which can easily adapt to European market. However, our agriculture is still faced with several existing problems which need to be quickly solved within the period of our adaptation within the EU. Since the foundation of independent democratic Croatian state (1990) there has been no planned and organised agricultural development. At the beginning of the respective period we didn’t administer efficient privatisation of enlarged community agricultural associations, resulting in the fact that private agricultural farms of that time (family farms) with average surface area of 1,9 ha became the main subject of agricultural production. These small family farms didn’t have the opportunity of successful production due to increasingly strong market actions. This led to insufficient agricultural production and poor competitiveness of our agricultural and food products on the market, and this is the problem that we are still facing. It was due to such conditions that since 1993 we have had a negative balance in foreign trade exchange of agricultural and food products which, in individual years, amounted to 1,2 billion USD. It is of utmost importance to systematically and quickly work on achieving the conditions for establishing effective agriculture and to orient the existing investments in agriculture towards production of various agricultural and food products of high quality. In order to achieve this objective, it is essential to implement several measures: to continue intensive work on enlargement and higher cultivation level of arable land, wider application of irrigation, development of production of organic and autochthonous products, production of bio-mass and bio-fuel in agriculture. In order to create better conditions for achieving efficient agriculture and production of quality agricultural products, it is essential to have adequate support and subsidies. Previous subsidy system had some serious deficiencies. The new subsidy system is based on two parts (subsidies for direct payments - production and support for rural development) Croatia will be able to use 379,2 EUR/ha (for 1,009.000 ha agreed in negotiations during pre-accession phase) in the form of direct payments, placing Croatia on the sixth position among the EU countries. When it comes to subsidies for rural development, we are on the second place and we will be entitled to obtain 333 EUR/ha annually, based on accepted development projects. With the objective of rational usage of subsidiesfor direct payments, it is essential to establish regionalisation of agricultural production. This will facilitate target investments in strategic projects such as fruit production (especially production of olives) and vegetable production in Southern parts of Croatia, crop growing and cattle raising (especially sugar production) in Slavonia, as well as investing in organic and traditional agriculture. Furthermore, besides primary production, it is also important to support food-processing industry, since processed products are more easily sold on the market. Adequate allocation of subsidies within these programmes could lead to quicker development of agriculture, ensuring a larger number of our products for domestic and foreign market, as well as increasing the employment rate in agriculture

History of education in Croatian agriculture, with an emphasis on northwestern Croatia

Cilj je rada pružiti sumaran pregled povijesti obrazovanja na području poljoprivrede u Hrvatskoj, u kojemu je nezaobilaznu (a često i vodeću ulogu) imalo upravo područje sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Nakon što su u razdoblju kasnog srednjovjekovlja i u novovjekovlju nova znanja u hrvatske krajeve dolazila uglavnom preko utjecaja pojedinaca koji su se obrazovali na ustanovama u raznim europskim zemljama, sustavan rad na podizanju domaćih obrazovnih ustanova počeo je u 19. stoljeću. Presudan utjecaj na razvoj obrazovanja u poljoprivredi, a time i na razvitak poljoprivrede u Hrvatskoj imalo je utemeljenje Kraljevskog gospodarskog i šumarskog učilišta u Križevcima 1860. godine, prvog učilišta na južnoslavenskim prostorima, na hrvatskom jeziku. Budući da je u drugoj polovini 19. stoljeća u većem dijelu Europe i u Hrvatskoj poljoprivreda bila najraširenija djelatnost stanovništva, pored postojanja Kraljevskog gospodarskog i šumarskog učilišta u Križevcima osnovano je i nekoliko poljoprivrednih škola. Zbog nastavka razvoja poljoprivrede, koristeći se postojećim znanstveno-stručnim kadrom i opremom s križevačkog Kraljevskog gospodarskog i šumarskog učilišta, osniva se 1919. godine Gospodarsko šumarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Ta je institucija dugo vremena bila najviša visokoobrazovna i znanstvena institucija u poljoprivredi i šumarstvu u nas. Daljnjim razvojem poljoprivredne struke osnivaju se nove srednjoškolske, visokoškolske ustanove i znanstveni institut specijalizirani za obrazovni i znanstvenoistraživački rad u poljoprivredi. Svima njima ostaje zadaća obrazovati nove kadrove i usvajati nova znanja, posebice danas, kada se uslijed klimatskih promjena nastoji promijeniti paradigma poljoprivredne proizvodnje, od intenzivne prema održivoj i ekološkoj poljoprivredi.The aim of the paper is to provide a brief overview of the history of education in the field of agriculture in Croatia, in which the region of northwestern Croatia played an indispensable (and often leading) role. After in the period of the late Middle Ages and in the modern era, new knowledge came to Croatian regions mainly through the influence of individuals who were educated at institutions in various European countries, systematic work on the establishment of domestic educational institutions began in the 19th century. The founding of the Royal College of Economics and Forestry in Križevci in 1860, the first college in the South Slavic areas, in the Croatian language, had a decisive influence on the development of education in agriculture, and thus on the development of agriculture in Croatia. In 1919, the Faculty of Economic Forestry of the University of Zagreb was founded. With the further development of the agricultural profession, new high school, higher education institutions and a scientific institute specialized in educational and scientific research work in agriculture were founded

Agricultural Development Achieved by Melioration in the Bjelovar-Bilogora County

Poljoprivrednici u svijetu, koji imaju suvremenu i ekonomski opravdanu poljoprivrednu prizvodnju, uveli su navodnjavanje na svojim površinama. U Bjelovarsko-bilogorskoj županiji postoje također poljoprivredni proizvođači koji primjenjuju naprednije tehnologije i ostvaruju uspješnu proizvodnju. Međutim, radi se o manjem broju prizvođača. Daljnji napredak ovih pljoprivrednika, kao i svih ostalih proizviđača, ovisi upravo o ulaganjima u sustave navodnjavanja i njegovu stručnu primjenu. Navodnjavanjem se mijenja dosadašnji plodored. Uvodi se šira struktura sjetve ratarskih, krmnih, povrćarskih kultura, industrijskog bilja i voćarskih kultura. Bjelovarsko-bilogorska županija smještena je u Panonskoj regiji. Ima površinu 263.914 ha i u njoj živi 133.084 stanovnika (popis 2001.). Poljoprivredne površine iznose 55,6 % ili 146.855,4 ha. Poljoprivreda se temelji na proizvodnji žitarica, mlijeka i mesa. Razvojem navodnjavanja unaprijedit će se poljoprivreda, a ona će pomoći razvoju ostalih gospodarskih djelatnosti. U ovoj Županiji se malo navodnjava, svega 0,37 % od obradivih površina, a u Hrvatskoj oko 1,0 %. U svijetu se navodnjava 18,0 %, a u Europi 13,0 % obradivih površina. Na prostoru ove Županije nedostaje tijekom vegetacijskog razdoblja 281,4 mm vode pa je potrebno navodnjavati većinu uzgajanih poljoprivrednih kultura. Mogućnosti za izvođenje navodnjavanja su dobre. Na prostoru Županije ima čak 57.254,7 ha pogodnih tala za navodnjavanje i ima podosta postojećih, a još više potencijalnih, vodnih kapaciteta. Voda bi se jednim djelom koristila iz rijeke Česme, zatim dio podzemnih voda, a najveće količine vode bi se koristile iz postojećih i predviđenih akumulacija. Planom navodnjavanja predviđa se ova meloracijska mjera izvoditi na 7.690 ha ili na oko 5,0 % obradivih površina. Ekonomske analize pokazuju da ukupni troškovi navodnjavanja iznose 37.000 kn/ha, a da dobit ovisi o uzgajanoj kulturi. Tako, pri uzgoju paprike već je u prvoj godini dobit 62.201 kn/ha, a pri uzgoju kruške 42.318 kn/ha. Prema tome, opravdano je očekivati da će poljoprivreda u uvjetima navodnjavanja biti temelj u razvoju Bjelovarsko-bilogorske županije, kao i u razvoju Republike Hrvatske.Farmers in the world, who materialise modern and economically justified agricultural production, have introduced melioration on their farmland. Although there are farmers-producers in the Bjelovar-Bilogora County who apply more advanced technologies and have a successful production, they are only the minority among agricultural producers. A further advancement of those farmers and all other producers depends upon investments in the melioration system and its professional implementation. By melioration, the crop rotation changes. The effect is a broader structure of sowing the farming, feeding and vegetable cultures, industrial plants and fruit cultures. The Bjelovar-Bilogora County is located in the Pannonian region. Its area figures out at 263,914 ha and numbers 144,042 inhabitants. Agricultural areas amount to 55.6 % or 146,855.4 ha. Farming rests upon grain, milk and meat production. The development of melioration will enable more advanced farming, which will further facilitate the development of other economic branches. In this county, only 0.37 % of arable land is meliorated, while in Croatia, this figure is approximately 1.0 %. In the world, 18.0 % of arable land is meliorated, and in Europe 13.0 %. During the vegetation period, this county has a shortage of 281.4 mm of water, so that the majority of cultivated farm cultures need meliorating. The prospects for the implementation of melioration are good. In the county area, as much as 57,254.7 ha of soil is suitable for melioration, and there are enough existing and even more potential water capacities. The water would partly be used from the river Česma, partly from the underground waters, while the major part would come from the existing and envisaged accumulations. It is foreseen by the melioration plan for this measure to be implemented on 7,690 ha or approximately 5.0 % of arable land. Economic analyses show that the total costs of melioration equal 37,000 HRK/ha, while the profit depends on the cultivated culture. E.g. in the very first year, the profit from the cropping of paprika equalled 62,201 HRK/ha, and the profit from the cropping of pears 42,318 HRK/ha. Thus, it may rightfully be expected that the agriculture supported by melioration will become a basis in the development of both the Bjelovar-Bilogora County and the Republic of Croatia

Foreword

Zavod za znanstveno-istraživački i umjetnički rad Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Koprivničko-križevačkoj županiji osnovan je temeljem Ugovora o radu koji je u ime Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti potpisao predsjednik akademik Zvonko Kusić, u ime Koprivničko-križevačke županije župan Darko Koren, ing. građ. i u ime Grada Križevaca gradonačelnik Branko Hrg. Ugovor je potpisan 17. siječnja 2013. u Križevcima gdje je Zavod i smješten. Nakon utemeljenja (01. ožujka 2013.) Zavod je počeo intenzivno raditi. Rezultat početnog uspješnog rada izdavanje je ovog prvog broja RADOVI – CIVITAS CRISIENSIS. Ova edicija bila je pripremljena za tisak svega šest mjeseci nakon utemeljenja Zavoda, što dokazuje ne samo početnu primjerenu aktivnost Zavoda već se u njoj prepoznaje i stvarna potreba žitelja Koprivničko-križevačke županije za osnivanjem ove značajne institucije sa sjedištem u Križevcima – gradu s bogatom prošlošću od 761 godine postojanja. Prostor Koprivničko-križevačke županije, kao i žitelji koji pripadaju njemu, svojim prirodnim, povijesnim, kulturnim, umjetničkim i gospodarskim vrijednostima predstavljaju neprocjenjivo bogatstvo Lijepe Naše. Dovoljno je napomenuti da je na ovom prostoru razvijena prehrambena industrija s proizvodnjom vrijednih i traženih proizvoda u okviru svjetski poznate „Podravke“. Uz gospodarske vrijednosti, Grad Križevci su kolijevka znanosti i obrazovanja posebno naše poljoprivrede i šumarstva. S ovog prostora potječu brojni akademici, znanstvenici i umjetnici koji su iza sebe ostavili povijesnu, kulturnu, znanstvenu i umjetničku baštinu. Brigu o ovoj bogatoj baštini Koprivničko-križevačke županije utemeljeni Zavod je preuzeo i brinut će o čuvanju njihovih vrijednosti. Prema tome, uloga koju ovaj Zavod treba činiti u ovoj županiji istovjetna je s ulogom koju Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti stalno čini u svrhu promicanja intelektualnog, znanstvenog, kulturnog i umjetničkog rada te gospodarskog i društvenog napretka na prostoru Republike Hrvatske. Ovu značajnu ulogu Zavod će također trajno činiti u suradnji s odgovarajućim postojećim znanstvenim i kulturnim institucijama, kao i brojnim znanstvenicima i stručnjacima raznolikih struka, ne samo s prostora ove županije već i iz cijele Hrvatske te iz drugih zemalja. U svojoj široj intelektualnoj suradnji Zavod će obilježavati i njegovati povijesne, kulturne i umjetničke vrijednosti, a isto tako će kreirati nove inicijative i pomagati u provedbi novih programa u razvoju gospodarstva, kako bi činio što veći doprinos u razvoju našeg društva općenito i ostvarivanju boljih životnih uvjeta našim žiteljima. U skladu ovako korisne uloge, koju čini i koju će stalno u budućnosti činiti naš Zavod, pozivam znanstvenike, stručnjake i umjetnike svih profila na suradnju, kako bi zajednički više doprinosili daljnjem raznolikom razvoju naše županije i Lijepe Naše.Institute for scientific research and artistic work of the Croatian academy of sciences and arts in Koprivnica-Križevci county was founded based on the co-ntract signed by the academic Zvonko Kusić on behalf of the Croatian academy of sciences and arts, county prefect Darko Koren, on behalf of Koprivnica-Križevci county and mayor Branko Hrg on behalf of the Town of Križevci. The contract was signed on the 17th of January, 2013 in Križevci, where the Institute is also located. After foundation (March, 1, 2013) the Institute started with the implementation of its activities. Publishing of the first number of PAPERS – CIVITAS CRISIENSIS can be regarded as result of successful initial work. This edition was prepared to be printed only six months upon foundation of the Institute, pro-ving not only the appropriate initial activity of the Institute, but also recognizing a true desire of Koprivnica-Križevci county for such a significant institution to be founded in Križevci - a town with rich history for 761 years of its existence. The area of Koprivnica-Križevci county, as well as its inhabitants who re-present it, accounts for priceless wealth due to its natural, cultural, artistic and economic values. It is sufficient to mention that this area is marked by developed food-processing industry with production of valued and demanded products in the framework of world known „Podravka“. Besides economic values, Town of Križevci is the cradle of science and education, especially of our agriculture and forestry. Numerous academics, scientists and artists originate from this area, leaving behind rich cultural, scientific and artistic heritage. The newly founded institute assumed the care for this rich heritage of Koprivnica-Križevci County and it will preserve those values. Therefore, the role assigned to this Institute in this county corresponds to the role that Croatian academy of sciences and arts continuously implements with the objective of promoting intellectual, scientific, cultural and artistic work, as well as economic and social prosperity in the area of the Republic of Croatia. The Institute will continue to administer this significant role in cooperation with corresponding scientific and cultural institutions, as well as with numerous scientists and experts of different fields, not only from this county, but from entire Croatia and other countries as well. In its wider intellectual cooperation the Institute will mark and foster historical, cultural and artistic values, and it will also create new initiatives and facilitate implementation of new programmes related to economic development in order to increase its contribution to development of our society in general, as well as to create better life conditions for our inhabitants. Conformable with such fruitful role that our Institute will continuously administer, I hereby invite scientists, experts and artists of all fields for cooperation in order to jointly contribute to further manifold development of our county and our country

Irrigation requirements and potentials of agricultural crops in northern Croatia

U Republici Hrvatskoj navodnjava se oko 11.700 ha poljoprivrednih površina i nalazi se na jednom od posljednjih mjesta u Europi. Učestalost pojave suša posljednjih godina utjecala je na mišljenje javnosti o potrebi navodnjavanja. Stoga je Vlada pokrenula projekt navodnjavanja pod naslovom «Nacionalni projekt navodnjavanja i gospodarenja poljoprivrednim zemljištem i vodama u RH», koji bi se trebao realizirati u tri etape. U dio navedenog projekta uključen je i ovaj rad, koji je imao cilj za dva vremenska razdoblja (1961-2003 i 1994-2003) utvrditi sljedeće: Utvrditi evapotranspiraciju kultura (potrebnu količinu vode), utvrditi manjak vode u tlu i odrediti kakvoću vode za navodnjavanje. U radu su korišteni klimatski podaci meteorološke postaje Đurđevac, za razdoblje od 1961. do 2003., osim insolacije, koja je korištena s meteorološke postaje Osijek. Referentna evapotranspiracija (ETo) izračunata je metodom Penman-Montheitha, efektivne oborine metodom USBR (US Berau Recla-mation), a evapotranspiracija kulture (ETc) izračunata je iz odnosa ETo i koefici-jenta kulture (kc), uvažavajući različite stadije razvoja kulture. Bilanca vode u lesiviranom tlu za svaku kulturu izračunata je prema metodi Palmera (korigiranoj i kalibriranoj prema Vidačeku, 1981) za dvije različite dubine (do 0.1 m i 0.1-1,0 m). Istraživano tlo je imalo sljedeće značajke: praškasto glinasto ilovasta tekstura, poljski vodni kapacitet (Pkv)=360 mm i točka venuća (Tv)=160 mm. U razmatranju su bile sljedeće kulture: duhan, soja, suncokret, šećerna repa, kupus, kelj, paprika krastavci i rajčica. Za obradu podataka korišten je kompjutorski program «Cropwat». Kakvoća vode za navodnjavanje određivana je za vodotok Županijski kanal, uzorci vode su uzimani na vodomjernoj postaji Kapinci (područje Virovitičko-podravske županije), u razdoblju od 1983. do 2003. godine. Ocjena kakvoće vode načinjena je za svaku godinu prema Uredbi o klasifikaciji voda (NN 77/98). U pojedinačnim pokazateljima kakvoće vodotoka obrađivani su koncentracija kisika, zasićenje kisikom, KPK (kemijska potrošnja kisika), BPK5 (biokemijska potrošnja kisika). Od hranjivih tvari obrađeni su amonij i nitriti, od mikrobioloških pokazatelja ocjena kakvoće obavljena je prema ukupnim koliformnim bakterijama i broju aerobnih bakterija, te prema PB (Pantle-Buck) indeksu saprobnosti. Utvrđeni rezultati pokazuju da se kod svih kultura povećala potreba za vodom (evapotranspiracija) u posljednjem razdoblju istraživanja (1994 do 2003 godine), u odnosu na razdoblje od 1961 do 2003 godine. Prosječno povećana potreba za vodom svih praćenih kultura iznosila je 22 mm. Isto tako je utvrđen povećani manjak vode u tlu, koji je prosječno iznosio 8.9 mm. Kakvoća vode u vodotoku Županijski kanal od 21 godine praćenja, 11 godina je bila iznad treće vrste po skupnim pokazateljima. Temeljem utvrđenih rezultata može se zaključiti da su klimatske promjene u posljednjem razdoblju istraživanja prouzročile povećanu potrebu uzgajanih kultura za vodom, a time i povećani manjak vode u tlu, odnosno potrebu osiguranja veće količine zadovoljavajuće vode za navodnjavanje.With only 11,700 ha of irrigated agricultural areas, the Republic of Croatia holds one of the last positions in Europe. Frequent droughts in recent years influenced the public opinion regarding irrigation demands. For this reason, the Government started the «National project of irrigation and management of agricultural land and waters», which will be implemented in three stages. This study was included into a part of the said project. The aims of the study were to determine crop evapotranspiration (required amount of water), soil water deficit and quality of irrigation water for two time periods (1961-2003 and 1994-2003). Climatic data of the meteorological station Đurđevac for the period 1961-2003 were used, except for insolation data, which were taken from the meteorological station Osijek. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated by the Penman-Monteith method, effective precipitation by the USBR method, while crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was calculated from the relation of ETo and the crop coefficient (cc), taking account of different stages of crop development. Soil water balance (water deficit) for each crop was calculated using the Palmer method (corrected and calibrated according to Vidaček, 1981) for two depth (till 0.1 m and 0.1 m-1.0 m). The studied soil had the following characteristics: silty clay-loam texture, field water capacity (Fwc)=360 mm and wilting point (Wp)=160 mm. The following crops were studied: tobacco, soybean, sunflower, sugar beet, cabbage kale, pepper, cucumber and tomato. Data were processed with the aid of the «Cropwat» computer program. Quality of irrigation water for the County Canal watercourse was assessed; water samples were taken at the water gauge station Kapinci in the period from 1983 to 2003. Water quality score was calculated for each year pursuant to the Water Classification Directive. The following individual watercourse quality indicators were analyzed: oxygen concentration, oxygen saturation, COD and BOD5. Of nutritious substances ammonium and nitrites were analyzed, while among microbiological indicators quality score was based on total coliform bacteria and the number of aerobic bacteria, as well as on the Pantle-Buck saporbic index. The results show increased water requirements (evapotranspiration) of all crops in the last investigation period (1994 to 2003) compared to the period from 1961 to 2003. Average increase in water requirement of all monitored crops was 22 mm. Increased soil water deficit was also recorded, amounting on average to 8.9 mm. Water quality in the County Canal watercourse was monitored for 21 years, in 11 years of which it exceeded the third quality class according to group indicators. The results allow the conclusion that climatic changes in the last investigation period caused increased water requirements of the crops grown, and thereby also higher water deficit in soil and the demand for providing larger quantities of suitable irrigation water

Soils of the city of Požega and land reclamation for crop growing in advancement agriculture

Područje Grada Požege ima ukupnu površinu 13 343 ha, od toga su 6234,3 ha poljoprivredne površine, a ostalo zauzimaju šume te površine naselja i voda. Poljoprivreda je jedna od najvažnijih gospodarskih djelatnosti. Na poljoprivrednom zemljištu, spletom posebnih pedogenetskih čimbenika, razvili su se različiti tipovi tala. Među 12 tipova tla najviše su zastupljena terestrička tla (8 tipova), semiterestička tla (1 tip) i hidromorfna tla (3 tipa). S obzirom da na terestričkim tlima ne postoji problem suvišnih površinskih, kao ni visoka razina podzemne vode, na njima nije potrebna primjena sustava drenaže. Međutim, na terestričkim tlima pojavljuje se nedostatak vode tijekom vegetacijskog razdoblja pa je potrebno na njima, pri uzgoju poljoprivrednih kultura, nadoknaditi nedostatak vode sustavima navodnjavanja. Uz navodnjavanje, na pojedinim tipovima tala potrebno je primjenjivati odgovarajuće mjere agromelioracija u svrhu popravljanja fizikalnih, kemijskih i bioloških značajki tla. Na semiterestričkom tipu pojavljuju se suvišne površinske vode i stagnirajuće vode u zoni rizosfvere pa je predloženo izvesti odgovarajući sustav odvodnje, kao i primjenu agromelioracije za popravljanje značajki tla. Navodnjavanje semiteresričkih tala prvenstveno dolazi u obzir nakon što se riješi problem suvišne vode sustavom odvodnje i nakon popravljenih značajki tla primjenom odgovarajućih mjera agromelioracije. Na ovom području postoje tri tipa hidromrfnih tala. Pri njihovom uređenju prvenstveno je nužno riješiti suvišne vode (površinsku, odnosno visoku razinu podzemne vode ili jednu i drugu) predloženim sustavom odvodnje. Istodobno je potrebna i primjena agromelioracijskih mjera u svrhu popravaka fizikalnih i kemijskih, a time i bioloških značajki tla. Navodnjavanje na hidromorfnim tlima dolazi u obzir tek onda ako se izvrši njihov popravak sustavom odvodnje i agromelioracijskim mjerama, odnosno ostvari uzgoj poljoprivrednih kultura koje je potrebno navodnjavati. Budući da su melioracijske mjere za uređenje hidromorfnih tala (posebno amfiglejno tlo) kompleksne i vrlo skupe, ona se, u novije vrijeme, koriste za livade i pašnjake i pomažu razvoju stočarstva. U ovom radu predloženi su stoga sustavi odvodnje i agromelioracijskih mjera za uređenje postojećih tipova tala na području Grada Požege u svrhu ostvarivanja suvremene poljoprivrede.The area of the City of Požega total area of 13.343 ha, of which 6.234,3 ha are agricultural land, and the rest is forest land, settlements and water bodies. Agriculture is traditionally one of the most important economic activities of people of investigated area. Under influence of a combination of pedogenetic factors on agricultural land different pedological types have developed. Among the total 12 soil types, there are terrestrial soils (8 types), semi-terrestrial soils (1 type) and hydromorphic soils (3 types) are the most reprezented. Since there is no peoblem of excess surface water or high groundwater levels on terrestrial soils, no drainage system is required on them. However, on terrestrial soils there is a lack of water during the vegetation period, so it is necessary to compensate for the lack of water on irrigation systems when growing crops. In addition to irrigation, it is necessary to apply approppriate agromelioration practices on certain types of soil in order to improve the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil. On the semiterestric type, excess surface water and stagnant water appear in the rhizosphere zone, so it is proposed to perform an appropriate drainage system, as well as the application of specific soil management poractices to improve soil characteristics – subsoiling, liming, humization, ameliorative fertilization. Irrigation of semi-terrestrial soils is primarily considered after the problem of excess water is solved by a drainage system and after the soil characteristics are repaired by applying appropriate soil management (agromeliorative) practices - subsoiling, liming, humization, ameliorative fertilization. There are three types of hydromorphic soils in this area. When arranging them, it is primarily necessary to solve the excess water (surface, high level of groundwater or both) with the proposed drainage system. At the same time, the application of soil management practicesd (agromelioration) are needed in order to improve the physical and chemical, and thus biological, characteristics of the soil. Irrigation on hydromorphic soils comes into consideration only if is achieved their repair by carried out of drainage system and agromelioration measures to cultivate agricultural crops that need to be irrigated. Since reclamation measures for arranging hydromorphic soils (especially amphigley soil) are complex and very expensive, they have recently been used for meadows and pastures, thus helping the development of livestock. In this paper, drainage systems anda agromelioration measures for arranging the axisting soil types of land of the City of Požega are proposed, for the purpose of achieving advanced agriculture

Unapređenje poljoprivrede na prostoru Šibensko-kninske županije primjenom navodnjavanja

Prostor Šibensko-kninske županije nalazi se u porječju Krke. Površina kopnenog dijela županije je 298373 ha, a poljoprivredne površine iznose 179.567 ha. Međutim, poljoprivreda je vrlo ekstenzivna jer se obrađuje svega 31.795 ha (oranice, vrtovi, voćnjaci, maslinici i vinogradi), dok livadama i pašnjacima pripada čak 147.772 ha. Za uspješan uzgoj poljoprivrednih kultura potrebno je osigurati pet vegetacijskih čimbenika. Na prostoru Šibensko-kninske županije prirodno su osigurani: svjetlost, toplina i zrak. Hranjiva tvar većim dijelom se osigurava također prirodno iz tla, a manjim dijelom se nadopunjuje pravilnom gnojidbom organskim i mineralnim gnojivima. Međutim, o vodi (petom vegetacijskom čimbeniku) najviše ovisi uspjeh poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Naime, na prostoru cijele Dalmacije pa i Šibensko-kninske županije stalno je bila potrebna u prošlosti (a posebno sada nakon što su nastupile klimatske promjene) “borba stanovništva” protiv vode i za vodu. U jesensko-zimskom razdoblju potrebno je primjenjivati melioracijske mjere zaštite i odvodnje suvišnih voda, a u proljetno-ljetnom dijelu nužno je izvoditi navodnjavanje. Mjere zaštite i sustavi odvodnje dobrim dijelom su izvedeni, a sada je potrebnije izvoditi sustave navodnjavanja. Od ukupnih poljoprivrednih površina županije pogodna tla za navodnjavanje nalaze se na 17.429 ha. Na određenim lokacijama postoje izvori vode, a na ostalim potrebno je vodu osigurati. Primjenom navodnjavanja moguće je ostvariti unapređenje poljoprivrede, tj. uzgoj raznolikih kultura i postići proizvodnju visokih, stabilnih i kvalitetnih poljoprivrednih proizvoda

Utjecaj razmaka cijevne drenaže na prinos ratarskih kultura na hidromelioriranom tlu

The research objective was to investigate the effect of different drainpipe spacing variants on the yield of field crops grown on hydroameliorated soil and to determine, applying the analysis of variance, the significance of the difference in yields between the tested variants. Investigations were carried out on hydroameliorated Gleyic Podzoluvisol on the experimental amelioration field Jelenščak-Kutina (central Sava valley) in the 1990-1993 and 1995-1999 periods. Four different variants of drainpipe spacing were tested in the trial (15 m, 20 m, 25 m and 30 m) in four replications. The same crop was grown and the same agricultural practices applied at the same time in all trial variants and in all trial years. During the research period, maize was grown in five years, winter wheat in three and oats in one year. Yields of the same crops differed per years and per different drainpipe spacing due to different factors, such as the genetic characteristics of the cultivars, or hybrids, different quantities and distribution of precipitation during the trial years, soil moisture before drilling, number of plants per unit area, total fertilizer applied and top-dressing pattern in the growing season, as well as the time of harvest. The highest maize yield was achieved in 1991 and ranged from 88.00 dt/ha (15 m spacing) to 71.74 t/ha (30 m). The lowest maize yield was recorded in 1996 - from 58.20 dt/ha (15 m) to 43.48 dt/ha (30 m). The highest wheat yield was achieved in 1991 - from 57.96 dt/ha (15 m) to 52.35 dt/ha (30 m), and the lowest in 1998 - from 38.88 dt/ha (20 m) to 30.88 dt/ha (30 m). Oats yield ranged from 42.19 dt/ha (15 m) to 37.59 t/ha (30 m). Analysis of variance, done separately for each trial year, rendered highly significant differences (p<0.01) between yields of particular crops in dependence on the drainpipe spacing in six trial years (1990, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1997 and 1998). Significant differences (p<0.05) between yields were recorded in 1999, while the 1993 and 1995 differences between yields, depending on the drainpipe spacing, were not significant. In the agroecological conditions of the central Sava valley, satisfactory yields can be obtained with the drainpipe spacing of 15 m. Drainpipe spacing of 20 m, supplemented by repeated vertical deep loosening of soil, may give satisfactory results in years when the drainage system is adequately maintained.Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj različitih razmaka cijevne drenaže na prinos ratarskih kultura na hidromelioriranom tlu i utvrditi analizom varijance opravdanost razlike u visini prinosa između testiranih varijanata. Istraživanja su provedena u razdoblju od 1990-1993. i od 1995-1999. god. Na melioracijskom pokusnom polju “Jelenščak”-Kutina ( srednja Posavina), na hidromelioriranom tlu Gleyic Podzoluvisol. U pokusu su bile testirane četiri varijante razmaka cijevne drenaže:15 m, 20 m, 25 m i 30 m, postavljene u četiri ponavljanja. Tijekom svake godine istraživanja na svim varijantama razmaka cijevne drenaže uzgajana je ista kultura i bili su primijenjeni jednaki agrotehnički zahvati i rokovi njihovih izvođenja. Tijekom istraživanja kukuruz je bio uzgajan pet godina, ozima pšenica tri i zob u jednoj godini. Prinos istih kultura bio je različit po godinama istraživanja i po različitim razmacima cijevne drenaže, što je prouzročeno različitim čimbenicima, kao što su: genetske značajke kultivara, odnosno hibrida, različita količina i raspored oborina tijekom godina istraživanja, vlažnost tla pred početak sjetve, broj biljaka na jedinicu površine, ukupna količina gnojiva i raspored prihrane usjeva u vrijeme vegetacije te vrijeme žetve-berbe usjeva. Tako je prinos kukuruza bio najviši u 1991. god. i kretao se od 88.00 dt/ha (za razmak od 15 m) do 71.74 t/ha (30 m). Najniži prinos kukuruza utvrđen je 1996. u visini od 58.20 dt/ha (15 m) do 43.48 dt/ha (30 m). Najviši prinos pšenice utvrđen je 1991. u visini od 57.96 dt/ha (15 m) do 52.35 dt/ha (30 m), a najniži 1998. od 38.88 dt/ha (20 m) do 30.88 dt/ha (30 m). Prinos zobi bio je od 42.19 dt/ha (15 m) do 37.59 t/ha (30 m). Analizom varijance posebno za svaku godinu istraživanja utvrđene su visoko signifikantne razlike (p<0.01) između prinosa pojedine kulture ovisno o razmaku cijevne drenaže u šest godina ispitivanja (1990, 1991, 1992,1996, 1997 i 1998). Signifikantne razlike (p<0.05) između prinosa utvrđene su 1999. godine, dok 1993. i 1995. razlike između prinosa ovisno o razmaku cijevne drenaže nisu bile signifikantne. U agroekološkim uvjetima srednje Posavine zadovoljavajući prinosi postižu se na razmacima cijevne drenaže 15 m. U godinama kada se pravilno održava sustav odvodnje može zadovoljiti i razmak cijevne drenaže od 20 m, uz obnavljanje agrotehničke mjere-vertikalnog dubinskog rahljenja

Available Agricultural Areas and the Use of Forests for Biofuel Production in Croatia

Zbog ekonomskih i ekoloških razloga nastavlja se unapređivanje proizvodnje i širenje korištenja biogoriva u svijetu i Europskoj uniji (EU). Zbog ograničene površine za proizvodnju biomase, biogoriva bi mogla zamijeniti fosilna goriva samo u jednom dijelu. Po EU do 2030. godine, uz razvoj ostalih obnovljivih izvora energije, biogoriva bi u Hrvatskoj zamijenila naftu u prometu za 25 %, što iznosi 452.325 t. Danas poljoprivredne površine zauzimaju 2,955.728 ha. Od toga su 1,074.159 ha pogodne, 1,074.510 ha ograničene, a 806,328 ha trajno nepogodne površine za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Potencijali obradivih površina iznose 2,150.000 ha, a obrađuje se svega 1,092.000 ha. Danas je moguće u poljoprivredi iz biomase (organskih ostataka i otpadaka) dobivati 673.530 t/godišnje biogoriva, a da se ne ugrozi stalnost prirodnog obnavljanja organske tvari u tlu. Hrvatska raspolaže s 2,688.687 ha šuma i šumskog zemljišta, gdje godišnje prirašćuje 10,526.000 m3, a sječivi etat je 6,564.000 m3. Od toga se za industrijsko drvo i ogrjev iskoristi 60 % ili 3,938.400 m3, a ostatak od 40 % ili 2,625.000 m3 ostaje kao otpad u šumi. Ako bi se otpad sveo na normalnu količinu od 15 % ili 984.600 m3 onda bi za bioenergiju ostalo 45 % ili 2,953.800 m3. Ta količina drva za bioenergiju dovoljna je za proizvodnju 600.000 t biogoriva u ekvivalentnim količinama nafte. Koristeći postojeće zalihe u poljoprivrtedi i šumarstvu danas se može proizvesti 1,273.530 t/godišnje biogoriva. Taj iznos premašuje za 2,8 puta potrebnu količinu, koju će Hrvatska, trebati koristiti 2030. umjesto fosilnih goriva. Hrvatska raspolaže s potrebnim površinama u poljoprivredi, kao i s kvalitetnim šumama u svrhu proizvodnje hrane i biogoriva po postojećim direktivima EU.The production and expansion of biofuel use in the world and the EU has been prompted by economic and ecological reasons. Fossil fuel reserves (oil and gas) are being depleted and becoming more expensive. At the same time the Kyoto Protocol stipulates the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions with the goal of mitigating climatic phenomena which could cause unforeseen consequences. Land for biomass production is limited: therefore, biofuels could, following the EU strategy, replace fossil fuels only in one part. In addition to developing other renewable energies (hydro energy, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy), the EU committed itself to replace traffic oil with biofuels by 25 % by the year 2030. As Croatia is an EU membership candidate, the first thing it is required to do is to fulfill the obligation of achieving a 5.75 % proportion of biofuels (104,034 tons), held by each member state, by the year 2010. This is followed by the fulfillment of the commitment for the year 2020 (180,930 tons) and by the year 2030 (452,325 tons). Of the total continental land area of Croatia (5,662,031 ha), agricultural land covers 2,955,728 ha or 52.2 %. In Croatia, 55.9% or 1,202,000 ha of a total of 2,150,000 ha of potentially arable land are cultivated. If pastures are excluded, then arable land amounts to only 50.8 % or 1,092,000 ha. With the application of more or less intensive ameliorative measures, agrocultures could be cultivated for food production and partially for biofuel production over as many as 947.080 ha of available land in Croatia. Permanently unsuitable land for agricultural production in Croatia amounts to 806,328 ha. This land could be used for the establishment of forest cultures where timber for industry and bioenergy could be produced. The current conditions in Croatia give us reason to believe that there are good possibilities for biodiesel production from rape seed (especially rape oil) using first generation technologies, and biodiesel from lignocellulose biomass and its residues in agriculture and forestry with the application of second generation technologies. Moreover, a large number of cattle farms in Croatia produce large quantities of organic residue (especially animal manure) which could be usefully converted into biogas for both economic and ecological reasons. The quantity of biomass from agrocultures amounts to 1,239,550 (t) annually, which is only 30 % of their value. The remaining 70 % of the biomass should be left on agricultural land to allow organic matter in the soil to regenerate naturally. The total equivalent value in crude oil from agricultural areas is 428,992 t/annually. Apart from biomass from agricultures, significant biomass quantities also exist in cattle breeding. Animal manure and organic residue from cattle are used for biofuel production – biogas. Annual quantities of overall animal manure in Croatia amount to 381,480,000 t and represent 25 % of the existing annual quantities. This biomass quantity (organic residue in husbandry) may provide a total of 244,538 t of annual equivalent values of crude oil. Present agricultural production may provide 673,530 t/annually of biofuels from biomass (organic residue and waste) in the equivalent value of crude oil without jeopardizing permanent natural regeneration of organic matter in the soil. Croatia possesses 2,688,687 ha of forests and forestland with 397,963,000 m3 of growing stock which increments annually by 10,526,000 m3. The annual cut or the prescribed cut is 6,564,000 m3 of gross volume. Of the total annual cut, about 40 % or 2,625,600 of timber is used for processing, 20 % or 1,312,800 m3 for of fuelwood for energy and the remaining 40 % or 2,625,000 m3 is left in the forest as waste. Of this residue, 62.5 % or 1,641,000 m3 could be used for bioenergy production, while 37 % or 984,000 m3 would remain in the forest as waste. If this amount suitable for bioenergy is added to the quantity of 1,312,800 m3 of fuelwood, the total quantity of energy wood that could already be placed on the energy market amounts to 2,953,800 m3, which is 45 % of the total annual cut. This quantity could provide 600,000 t/annually of biofuel in the equivalent value of crude oil. Therefore, Croatia can produce an annual biofuel quantity of 1,273,539 t from the existing reserves in agriculture and forestry. This amount is 2.8 times higher than the quantity (452,325 t) which Croatia is obliged to use in traffic instead of fossil fuels by 2030 (the EU Directive of 2003). Taking into account realistic potential possibilities of biofuel production in agriculture and forestry, we believe that a strategy on biomass use and biofuel production should be developed in Croatia with the goal of achieving economic and ecological bene