The First Phylogenetic Analysis of Palpigradi (Arachnida)—The Most Enigmatic Arthropod Order

Palpigradi are a poorly understood group of delicate arachnids, often found in caves or other subterranean habitats. Concomitantly, they have been neglected from a phylogenetic point of view. Here we present the first molecular phylogeny of palpigrades based on specimens collected in different subterranean habitats, both endogean (soil) and hypogean (caves), from Australia, Africa, Europe, South America and North America. Analyses of two nuclear ribosomal genes and COI under an array of methods and homology schemes found monophyly of Palpigradi, Eukoeneniidae, and a division of Eukoeneniidae into four main clades, three of which include samples from multiple continents. This supports either ancient vicariance or long-range dispersal, two alternatives we cannot distinguish with the data at hand. In addition, we show that our results are robust to homology scheme and analytical method, encouraging further use of the markers employed in this study to continue drawing a broader picture of palpigrade relationships.Organismic and Evolutionary Biolog

Aspectos ecológicos de las interacciones entre Centruroides limbatus y Tityus ocelote (Scorpiones: Buthidae) en un bosque de tierras bajas del Caribe de Costa Rica

[EN] Scorpion species often occur in sympatry, especially in tropical forests. Here, we analyse aspects of the intraguild interactions occurring between Centruroides limbatus (Pocock, 1898) and Tityus ocelote Francke & Stockwell, 1987 (Buthidae) in a tropical forest of Costa Rica. We divided the study in 2 areas: north and south. Results show differences in abundance and distribution of C. limbatus (north = 16, south = 8) and T. ocelote (north = 2, south = 37); a major frequency of females for both species (74% ♀ and 26% ♂ in C. limbatus, 78% ♀ and 22% ♂ in T. ocelote; 55 sexed scorpions); similar microhabitat preferences (trees with vines, palms) and significant differences (p = 0.037) in the height at which both species were located above ground in each zone. Significant differences in height between zones showed disparity in habitat selection (north and south), whereas non-significant differences in height between species indicated niche overlap in those areas where they coexist, confirmed by the Morisita index for niche overlap in the southern zone (M-NO = 0.686). Cannibalism was reported in C. limbatus. These intraguild interactions indicate the existence of some level of competition between these scorpions.[ES] Las especies de escorpión coexisten en simpatría, especialmente en bosques tropicales. Aquí analizamos algunos aspectos de las interacciones intragremio entre Centruroides limbatus (Pocock, 1898)y Tityus ocelote Francke y Stockwell, 1987(Buthidae) en un bosque tropical de Costa Rica. Dividimos el estudio en 2 áreas: norte y sur. Los resultados mostraron diferencias en abundancia y distribución de C. limbatus (norte = 16, sur = 8) y T. ocelote(norte = 2, sur = 37); mayor frecuencia de hembras en ambas especies (74% ♀ y 26% ♂ en C. limbatus, 78% ♀ y 22% ♂ en T. ocelote; 55 escorpiones sexados); preferencias de microhábitat similares (árboles con lianas, palmeras) y diferencias significativas (p = 0.0037) en la altura a la que ambas especies se encontraban en cada zona. Las diferencias significativas en la altura entre zonas mostraron disparidad en selección de hábitat (norte y sur), mientras que las diferencias no significativas en la altura entre especies mostraron solapamiento de nicho en áreas dónde coexistían, confirmado por el índice de Morisita para solapamiento de nicho en la zona sur (M-NO = 0.686). Se reportó canibalismo en C. limbatus. Estas interacciones intragremio manifiestan la existencia de cierto nivel de competencia entre estos escorpiones