Specific IgG1 production and inhibition of enzymatic activity of rSh28GST by sera of vaccinated volunteers.

<p>Adult human volunteers received three administrations of rSh28GST of 100 µg respectively at D0, D28 and D150. IgG1 production is expressed as mean +/− SEM of titers at each time. Titer was defined as the highest dilution yielding an absorbance three times above background. Enzymatic inhibition is expressed in % (histograms). Percentage of inhibition was calculated by the ratio GST activity after serum incubation to GST activity control. This value was considered significantly positive above 10%.</p

Study design.

<p>Study design.</p

Anti-Sh28GST antibody levels in healthy adult volunteers after administration of rSh28GST 100 µg.

a<p>Specific Ig antibody levels are expressed as the mean of individual titer (± SEM). Number of responders after vaccination is indicated in parentheses.</p>b<p>Day of Sh28GST administration (D₀; D₂₈; D₁₅₀).</p>*<p>Significantly different (P<0.05) compared to D₀ (comparison of mean using the Wilcoxon test).</p>**<p>Significantly different (P<0.05) compared to D₁₅₀ (comparison of mean using the Wilcoxon test).</p

Anti-Sh28GST antibody levels in healthy adult volunteers after administration of Alum (comparator group).

a<p>Specific Ig antibody levels are expressed as the mean of individual titer (± SEM). Number of responders after vaccination is indicated in parentheses.</p>b<p>Day of comparator administration (D₀; D₂₈; D₁₅₀).</p

Main baseline laboratory results.

<p>Abbreviations: WBC, white blood cell count; PTT, partial thromboplastin time; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.</p>*<p>Local laboratory values. All other biological tests were in normal ranges.</p

Summary of LLINs sampling scheme during the study.

Summary of LLINs sampling scheme during the study.</p

Survivorship of LifeNet and PermaNet LLINs.

BackgroundLong-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) are a key measure for preventing malaria and their evaluation is coordinated by the World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES). LifeNet® was granted WHOPES time-limited interim recommendation in 2011 after successful Phase I and Phase II evaluations. Here, we evaluated the durability and community acceptance of LifeNet® in a Phase III trial from June 2014 to June 2017 in Benin rural area.MethodsA prospective longitudinal, cluster-randomized, controlled trial with households as the unit of observation was designed to assess the performance of LifeNet® over a three-year period, using a WHOPES fully recommended LLIN (PermaNet® 2.0) as a positive control. The primary outcomes were the bioassay performance using WHO cone assays and tunnel tests, the insecticide content and physical integrity.ResultsAt baseline, 100% of LLINs were within the tolerance limits of their target deltamethrin concentrations. By 36 months only 17.3% of LifeNet® and 8.5% of PermaNet® LLINs still were within their target deltamethrin concentrations. Despite these low rates, 100% of both LLINs meet WHO efficacy criteria (≥ 80% mortality or ≥ 95% knockdown or tunnel test criteria of ≥ 80% mortality or ≥ 90% blood-feeding inhibition) after 36 months using WHO cone bio-assays and tunnel tests. The proportion of LLINs in good physical condition was 33% for LifeNet® and 29% for PermaNet® after 36 months. After 36 M the survivorship was 21% and 26% for LifeNet® and PermaNet® respectively. Although both LLINs were well accepted by the population, complaints of side effects were significantly higher among LifeNet® users than PermaNet® ones.ConclusionLifeNet® LLINs did meet WHO criteria for bio-efficacy throughout the study period and were well accepted by the population. This is an important step towards getting a full WHO recommendation for use in malaria endemic countries.</div

Anti-PT seroprevalence at T1 in all villages according to age category.

a<p>Chi-square test has been performed.</p>b<p>Kruskal-Wallis test between IgG responses according to the villages.</p>c<p>Mann-Whitney test has been performed for children of the same villages.</p

Differentially expressed salivary gland proteins between the susceptible Kis and resistant AceRKis strains.

<p>Protein identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS or nanoLC ESI MS/MS (underlined spot#) analysis. Insecta entries of Swiss-Prot and TrEMBL databases were searched by using the MASCOT algorithm, or the Proteome Discoverer software for nanoLC ESI MS/MS spectra. All spots displayed a power >0.9. Spot# refers to the SameSpots analysis spot number (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103816#pone-0103816-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1A</a>); ^SP indicates the presence of a signal peptide for secretion as predicted by SignalP 4.0 (<i>^SP°</i>: SP in the N-terminal homolog Q5TV62_ANOGA); Fold: fold difference in expression levels between the two strains; Accession: accession number in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot or UniProtKB/TrEMBL databases (_ANOGA); pI: isoelectric point; Cover: indicates the amino acid coverage (%); *Mascot Score is provided for MALDI-TOF protein identification; for nanoLC ESI MS/MS based identification the peptide sequences and the number of peptides are provided as supporting information (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103816#pone.0103816.s001" target="_blank">Table S1</a>). Translation IF: Translation Initiation Factor.</p

Proportion of LLINs meeting WHOPES efficacy criteria (knockdown ≥ 95% or mortality ≥ 80%) according to cone tests.

Proportion of LLINs meeting WHOPES efficacy criteria (knockdown ≥ 95% or mortality ≥ 80%) according to cone tests.</p