Residue loads of the most common pesticides plotted against their prevalence (frequency) in: A) pollen; B) honey or nectar.

<p>Key: 1 coumaphos (total); 2 tau-fluvalinate; 3 thymol; 4 chlorothalonil; 5 acetamiprid; 6 amitraz (total); 7 dithiopyr; 8 thiacloprid; 9 carbaryl; 10 imidacloprid (total); 11 pendimethalin; 12 chlorpyrifos; 13 phosmet; 14 carbendazim; 15 atrazine; 16 thiamethoxam; 17 chlorfenvinphos; 18 fenpyroximate; 19 clothianidin; 20 endosulfan (total); 21 thiophanate-methyl; 22 metolachlor; 23 fenpropathrin; 24 methoxyfenozide; 25 esfenvalerate; 26 tebufenozide; 27 captan (total); 28 bifenthrin; 29 azoxystrobin; 30 lambda-cyhalothrin; 31 diphenylamine; 32 penconazole; 33 trifloxystrobin; 34 fenthion; 35 norflurazon; 36 metribuzin; 37 hexachlorobenzene; 38 HCH (alpha and beta); 39 phorate; 40 gamma-HCH (lindane); 41 heptenofos; 42 methiocarb; 43 DDT (total); 44 vinclozolin; 45 methidathion; 46 malathion; 47 cypermethrin; 48 dimethoate; 49 carbofuran (total).</p

Risk (% probability) and time to reach topical LD50 (T50 in days) for worker bees, estimated as contact exposure with 1 g of contaminated pollen, at average or maximum levels, during 2 days.

1<p>A = acaricide; F = fungicide; I = insecticide; IGR = insect growth regulator; IS = insecticide synergist.</p>2<p>Mixture LD50 estimated in accordance with known synergistic ratios <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094482#pone.0094482-Iwasa1" target="_blank">[67]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094482#pone.0094482-Pilling1" target="_blank">[68]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094482#pone.0094482-Biddinger1" target="_blank">[69]</a>.</p>3<p>Chronic LD50 for 77 days exposure.</p

Comparison of estimated times to LD50 (T50 range in days) for dietary exposure of honey bees to two neonicotinoid insecticides, using standard and cumulative risk approaches.

1<p>Sources: <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094482#pone.0094482-Suchail1" target="_blank">[62]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094482#pone.0094482-DechaumeMoncharmont1" target="_blank">[63]</a>.</p>2<p>Source : <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094482#pone.0094482-Oliveira1" target="_blank">[73]</a>.</p

Life-span of larvae and worker bees and their consumption rates of pollen and honey (After [76]).

1<p>Assuming 5 times the consumption of <i>Apis mellifera</i> in the same proportion.</p

Risk (% probability) and time to reach oral LD50 (T50 in days) for larvae and workers of honey bees feeding on contaminated pollen and/or nectar at average or maximum residue levels (see Table S3).

1<p>Exposure period of 5 days.</p>2<p>Exposure period of 10 days.</p>3<p>Exposure period of 30 days.</p>4<p>Mixture LD50 estimated in accordance with known synergistic ratios <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094482#pone.0094482-Iwasa1" target="_blank">[67]</a>.</p