Association of polymorphisms of the β-defensin 1 gene with nematode and protozoan infection traits in goat

Federal University of Piauí. Department of Animal Production. College of Veterinary Medicine. Teresina, PI, Brazil.Federal University of Piauí. Department of Animal Production. College of Veterinary Medicine. Teresina, PI, Brazil.Federal University of Piauí. Department of Animal Production. College of Veterinary Medicine. Teresina, PI, Brazil.Embrapa Eastern Amazon. Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. Belém, PA, Brazil.Embrapa Eastern Amazon. Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. Belém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Federal Rural University of Amazon. Health and Animal Production Institute. Belém, PA, Brazil.Federal Rural University of Amazon. Health and Animal Production Institute. Belém, PA, Brazil.This study's purpose was to identify polymorphisms (SNP) in the goat β-defensin 1 gene and to associate these SNPs with traits related to nematodean and protozoan infections in Anglo-Nubian goats from semiarid region of Brazil. A total of 184 animals were used for DNA extraction, PCR and DNA automatic sequencing. The association analyses included the fixed effects of animal age, bloodline and genotype of the SNP marker in the statistical model. The means of genotypes were compared by the Fisher test (P < 0.05). Twelve polymorphism genotypes were found: two in intron 1, seven in exon 2 and three in 3' untranslated region. The SNPs of exon 2 were responsible for amino acid substitutions in six genetic codes, and the changes in the 25th and 33rd codes affected the protein function. The SNP 1937 was significantly associated with number of protozoan oocysts, whereas SNP 2001 was associated with degree of anaemia (Famacha©). Polymorphism 2046, in turn, showed a significant association with Famacha© degree and number of protozoan oocysts. SNP 2140 associated with maximum EPG of the animal. Results from this study suggest that the β-defensin 1 gene can be used as a molecular marker for selection of goats regarding the susceptibility to endoparasites infections

Floración de cianobacterias tóxicas en la orilla derecha del río Tapajós, en el Municipio de Santarém (Pará, Brasil)

Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências da Saúde. Faculdade de Farmácia. Belém, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Toxicologia. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.A presença de florações de cianobactérias e seus subprodutos interfere diretamente na qualidade da água, podendo introduzir efeitos negativos, tanto de ordem estética, como de saúde pública, devido à produção de compostos potencialmente tóxicos e carcinogênicos. O tipo mais comum de intoxicação envolvendo cianobactérias é ocasionado por microcistina-LR (hepatotoxina), a qual pode causar severos danos ao fígado. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os gêneros causadores de uma floração de cianobactérias no rio Tapajós (Santarém, Pará, Brasil) no mês de março de 2007, bem como realizar bioensaios de toxicidade aguda, utilizando camundongos Swiss-webster. As amostragens foram realizadas em cinco pontos de coleta distribuídos na margem direita do rio Tapajós, onde foram realizados arrastos horizontais, com o auxílio de uma rede para plâncton de 20 µm; e foram também coletadas amostras de água bruta (5.000 mL) em garrafas de polipropileno do tipo âmbar. Para a identificação dos organismos utilizou-se microscopia ótica. A determinação de microcistinas-LR foi realizada por meio das técnicas de Ensaio Imunoadsorvente Enzima-Associado e Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão. As análises demonstraram que na altura dos pontos P01 e P02 ocorreu um desequilíbrio ecológico na comunidade fitoplanctônica, caracterizado pela proliferação intensa dos gêneros Anabaena e Microcystis. Nas amostras de água bruta, as concentrações de microcistina-LR registradas estão abaixo dos valores máximos permitidos na legislação brasileira para água de consumo; entretanto, é importante ressaltar que a floração, visualizada in locu, ocupava cerca de 10 cm da superfície da coluna d'água, e que, portanto, continha células de cianobactérias suficientes para provocar irritações cutâneas em pessoas que usassem o rio como balneário nesse período.The presence of cyanobacterial blooms and their subproducts interferes directly in water quality and may cause negative effects, both aesthetically and to public health, due to the production of potentially toxic and carcinogenic compounds. The most common type of intoxication involving cyanobacteria is caused by microcystin-LR (hepatotoxin), which can cause severe damage to the liver. The objective of this study was to identify the genera that caused cyanobacterial blooms in the Tapajós river (Santarém, Pará, Brazil) in March 2007, as well as to execute acute toxicity bioassays in Swiss-webster mice. Sample collection was performed at five sampling points throughout the left margin of the Tapajós river, by horizontal dragging with the aid of a 20 µm plankton net. Samples of raw water (5,000 ml) were also collected in amber propylene bottles. Optical microscopy was applied to identify the organisms, and the determination of microcystin-LR was executed through ELISA and HPLC. The analyses showed that, at P01 and P02, there was an ecological imbalance in the phytoplanktonic community, characterized by an intense proliferation of the genera Anabaena and Microcystis. The concentrations of microcystin-LR reported in the raw water samples were below the maximum values permitted by Brazil's legislation for drinking water. However, it is important to note that the blooming observed in loco occupied around 10 cm of the water column surface and therefore presented cyanobacterial cells enough to cause rashes in people who swam or bathed in the rivers during this period

Evaluation of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Oyster Farming and Microalgae in the Atlantic Amazon Evidences Safety but Highlights Potential Risks of Shellfish Poisoning

Marine phycotoxins are organic compounds synthesized by some species of microalgae, which accumulate in the tissues of filter-feeder organisms such as bivalve mollusks. These toxins can cause acute intoxication episodes in humans, a severe threat to aquaculture and fisheries. In the State of Pará, Brazil, oyster farming has community, artisanal and sustainable bases, using mangroves as cultivation environment and seed banks. In small-scale production, there are often no established methods of safeguarding the health of consumers elevating the potential risks of shellfish poisoning outbreaks. Our study evaluated the presence of phycotoxins in oysters cultivated in five municipalities in the region of the Atlantic Amazon (Pará, Brazil) assessing the quality of the final product. We further evaluated the microalgae, water quality, and the spatio-temporal variation of physicochemical factors in the same area. Diatoms dominated the microalgae composition, followed by dinoflagellates, some of which are reported to be potentially toxic and producers of paralytic shellfish toxins. For the first time, we describe the occurrence of the potentially toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis sp. in the Amazon region. Furthermore, for the first time, toxins were detected in oyster farming in the northeast of the State of Pará, namely GTX2,3, STX, and dc-STX nevertheless, with nontoxic values. The identified toxins represent a potential threat to shellfish consumers