Additional file 1: of Putting the treatment of paediatric schistosomiasis into context

Multilingual abstracts in the six official working languages of the United Nations. (PDF 333 kb

Risk factors for schistosome infection in PSAC.

<p><i>Adapted from</i>: <b>1</b> [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>]; <b>2</b> [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>, <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>]; <b>3</b> [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref016" target="_blank">16</a>]; <b>4</b> [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>], <b>5</b> [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>, <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref017" target="_blank">17</a>, <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref018" target="_blank">18</a>]; <b>6</b> [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref013" target="_blank">13</a>, <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>]; 7 [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref019" target="_blank">19</a>]; <b>8</b> [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>]; <b>9</b> [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref018" target="_blank">18</a>]; <b>10</b> [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref020" target="_blank">20</a>]; <b>11</b> [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006144#pntd.0006144.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>].</p

Treg and Tact are distinguished by a combination of several markers.

<p>(<b>A</b>) PBMC were electronically gated on lymphocyte population (left panel) followed by gate on total CD4⁺ cells (middle panel). CD4⁺ cells were analysed for the expression of CD25 and CD127 (right panel). (<b>A–C</b>) CD25⁺FOXP3⁺ cells were identified as Treg, whereas CD25⁺FOXP3⁻ counted as Tact. A dot plot for one individual is shown for group 1 (<b>B</b>) and group 2 (<b>C</b>). Gating on Treg and Tact subsets was verified by further analysis of level of expression of CD25 (<b>B–C</b>, middle panel) and CD127 (<b>B–C</b>, right panel) expressed on Treg (red) and Tact (green). Gray line - isotype control.</p

Influence of host attributes on T cell subsets.

<p>Results from the multivariate analysis of variance determining the effect of host sex and age on percentages of activated (Tact) and regulatory (Treg) cells. df  =  degrees of freedom and tests significant at p<0.05 are highlighted in bold.</p

The proportion of Treg does not differ between age group regardless of markers employed.

<p>Dot plots show the fraction of Treg identified by a combination of different markers: (<b>A</b>) CD25⁺FOXP3⁺ cells, (<b>B</b>) FOXP3⁺CD127^dim cells and (<b>C</b>) CD25^high cells as percentage of CD4⁺ T cells in the different age groups. In (<b>D</b>) percentages of CD25⁺FOXP3^neg Tact are presented.</p

Study population was divided in two age groups.

<p>The 8–13 year age group (N = 30) infection intensity is rising and peaking, whereas in the 14+ year age group (N = 19) infection intensity is lower. Dots represent individual values of infection intensity to illustrate distribution within the age groups and gray line indicates means. Means were compared by Student's t-Test and p-value is shown.</p

The association of Treg and Tact proportions with infection intensity are presented partitioned by age group.

<p>The variation in infection intensity ((log₁₀ (egg count+1) transformed) was analysed for the potential confounding effects sex and village using ANOVA and calculated residuals are plotted against the proportion of Treg (<b>A, B</b>) or Tact (<b>C, D</b>; arcsin√ transformed) after dividing into two age groups as indicated. Obtained residuals were used for further used in a regression analysis whose p- and β- values are given.</p

Relationship between pairs of cytokines (net parasite-specific) (ng/ml) showing the positive correlation between all cytokines except IL-10, which when paired with IL-5, shows a negative correlation

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cytokine responses to in a Zimbabwean population: contrasting profiles for IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 with age"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/7/139</p><p>BMC Infectious Diseases 2007;7():139-139.</p><p>Published online 28 Nov 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2222613.</p><p></p

Proportions of ILC2s identified by CD127+CD294+CD161+ are lower in <i>S</i>. <i>haematobium</i> egg positive young children.

<p>(A) The participants were compared between <i>S</i>. <i>haematobium</i> egg negative (ve-, N = 36) and egg positive (ve+, N = 36) individuals by a non-parametric Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test. (B) The cohort was divided into three age groups (age in years) and egg positive (ve+, open symbols) were compared to egg negative (ve-, closed symbols) people. Grey lines indicate median and the interquartile range. ILC2s proportions were analysed using a Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a multiple comparison of egg positive <i>versus</i> egg negative children.</p

Comparison of plasma TSLP and IL-33 levels in relation to <i>S</i>. <i>haematobium</i> infection.

<p>Plasma levels of (A) TSLP and (B) IL-33 were measured by ELISA and data were divided into three age group and <i>S</i>. <i>haematobium</i> egg negative (ve-, closed symbols) compared to egg positive (ve+, open symbols) individuals. Grey lines indicate median and the interquartile range. Levels were compared using a Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a multiple comparison of egg positive <i>versus</i> egg negative children. Plasma levels of (C) TSLP and (D) IL-33 from 12 individuals (as described for <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003627#pntd.0003627.g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a>) were compared pre- and 6 week’s post-treatment. P-values are obtained from a Wilcoxon signed-rank test and positive/negative/unchanged ranks are shown in the lower-right corner of panel (C) and (D).</p