RETRACTED: Fetus-in-fetu in Botswana

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).This article has been retracted at the request of <This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor in Chief. The authors used photographs and materials without the permission of the copyright holders.

An unusual surgical cause of pyloric stenosis in an 8-month-old infant

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is the most common surgical cause of nonbilious, projectile vomiting in children. Its incidence is estimated to be 2–5/1000 live births and has been noted to be quite rare in African-Americans, Asians, and Indians. It is more common in infants under 6 months of age and is quite rare in older infants. While IHPS is invariably intrinsic in nature, extrinsic pyloric stenosis is very rare. Children who present with nonbilious, projectile vomiting after the age of 6 months should, therefore, be thoroughly investigated for causes other than IHPS. This is a case report of an 8-month-old child who had a band of tissue constricting the pylorus which mimicked IHPS

Cryptogenic Cirrhosis and Hepatopulmonary Syndrome in a Boy with Hepatic Hemangioma in Botswana: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Hepatic hemangiomas are considered to be the most common benign tumors of the liver. They are often found incidentally while investigating for other causes of liver disease. Hemangiomas that are less than 10 cm are not expected to cause any problems. Typically, they do not enlarge and, apart from regular follow-up, no definitive treatment is indicated. This is a posthumous case report of a male child with a medium-sized hemangioma from infancy, complicated by cryptogenic cirrhosis and hepatopulmonary syndrome. It demonstrates the challenges of managing a child with such complicated conditions in a resource-limited setting

Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in Botswana: A prospective observational study

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a widely recognized cause of blindness after preterm birth. The incidence of ROP is rising especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) because of improved neonatal care and increased survival of very premature neonates. To date, there is no data on incidence of ROP in Botswana. Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide initial data and determine ROP-associated risk factors from a single neonatal care center on the incidence of ROP in Gaborone, Botswana. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at Princess Marina Hospital (PMH) in Gaborone, Botswana. Premature neonates with birth weights (BW) of < 1,801 g or gestational age (GA) of < 34 weeks were enrolled in this study. Diagnostic examinations were conducted using an indirect ophthalmoscope with 28D lens. ROP findings were classified according to the most advanced stage of ROP reached using the International Classification of ROP (2005). Data were entered into STATA version 15 statistical software for analysis. Results: There were 264 premature infants enrolled in the study. ROP screening was performed on 200 (75.8%). Of all 264 enrolled patients 133 (50.4%) were female. The mean GA was 30.3± 2.6 (range 24– 37) weeks and the mean BW was 1302.2± 285.9 g (range 725– 2035). Out of 200 who were screened, we identified 22 with ROP with a ROP incidence of 11%. The incidence of type 1 ROP (sight-threatening) was found to be 3.5%. This study identified a significant difference in possible ROP risk factors between those infants who develop ROP and those who do not, eg, BW (p< 0.001), GA (p=0.024) and blood transfusion (p=0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that ROP is a treatable cause of blindness in Botswana. Lack of a proper screening protocol, delay in diagnosis and management are plausible reasons for poor outcome in those who were diagnosed with type 1 ROP