Le financement extérieur pour le développement : Le rôle de la Banque interaméricaine de développement

La Banque interaméricaine de développement (bid) représente la source de financement multilatéral la plus importante pour les projets de développement social et économique en Amérique latine et dans les Caraïbes. La présente étude se penche sur les initiatives de la bid relatives à la promotion de la croissance économique et à la modernisation de l’État. Des liens étroits sont établis entre ces initiatives et le programme plus ambitieux de la Banque concernant l’introduction de réformes économiques néolibérales dans la région. Si certaines réformes ont contribué dans une certaine mesure à la croissance économique, il existe peu de preuves démontrant une diminution correspondante de la pauvreté et des inégalités dans la région. La dernière partie présente une autre vision du processus de développement, qui s’appuie sur le renforcement de l’autonomisation au niveau local.The Inter-American Development Bank (idb) is the largest source of multilateral financing for social and economic development projects in Latin America and the Caribbean. This study examines the current efforts of the idb to promote sustainable economic growth and state modernization. The paper highlights the close links between these efforts and the bank’s broader neo-liberal economic reform agenda in the region. Although such reforms have contributed to some economic growth there is little evidence of a corresponding decline in the region’s poverty and inequality. The last section offers an alternate vision of the development process which stresses grassroots empowerment

Examining Cultural and Behavior difference and their Association with HIV Seropositive Prevalence among the Luo and Somali in Kenya, Africa.

Introduction The purpose of this analysis was to identify social, behavioral and cultural factors associated with HIV infection among the Luo people residing on the southern part of Kenya and Somali in the Eastern part of Kenya. Previous studies have linked higher prevalence of HIV in the Luo community to cultural practice such as widow inheritance, and lack of circumcision among men. Analysis was conducted to determine the difference cultural and behavior practice between the Luo and Somali using Kenya demographic health survey (DHS) data, collected between 2008 and 2009, and used statistical computing Software program(SAS) for analysis. Results There were 6906 participants in this survey, 3023 were males and 3811 females. The minimum age was 15 and the maximum age was 54. About 73% of the Luo were Christian and 25% were Catholic, compared to the Somali who were 99% Muslim. 98% of Somali were circumcised and 99% of the Luo were not circumcised. About 60% of the Luo used condoms compared to the 25% of Somali. Multivariate analysis comparing Luo and Somali showed the Luo were at high risk of getting HIV infection compared to Somali adjusted odds ratio (OR= 13.34;95% Cl 2.19 – 81.11). Conclusion Different risk factors were contributing to higher prevalence of HIV among the Luo community. This study was an observation study, hence the cultural and behavior difference observed cannot be used to established causality due to study design limitation. This study finding can be used to develop future study examining the cultural and behavioral risk factors associated with HIV transmission in Africa

Multiprocessor/Multicomputer Systems and Optimal Loading Techniques

This report reviews the subject of multiprocessor/multicomputer systems and optimal loading techniques. This report covers: 1. The interrelationship of Multiprocessor/Multicomputer (Multiple Instruction Stream Multiple Data Stream, MIMD) systems and other architectures by presenting a categorization of computer architectures. 2. Comparison of Multiprocessor/Multicomputer (MIMD), versus Parallel Processor (Single Instruction stream Multiple Data stream, SIMD) systems. 3. Multiprocessor/Multicomputer problems, pitfalls and new goals. 4. Investigation of loading techniques by reviewing particular MIMD executive designs

Variation In The Parasitic Worm, Ascaridia Lineata, From Dallas County, Texas

In the course of a recent study of the helminth parasites of domestic fowl in Dallas County, certain interesting variations were observed in the number and distribution of the caudal papillae of one of the parasites, Ascaridia lineata (Schneider). These are described below and illustrated in the accompanying figures

The management of risks in international infrastructural projects

In spite of the nature of construction contract risks, the variability involved in their outcomes and the potential benefits that applying rigorous and probabilistic approaches offers the analysis of such risks, existing predominant practices continue to involve the use of risk assessment and analysis approaches that are often arbitrary, illogical, inadequate, misleading and subject to considerable personal perceptions and biases of the "solo" analyst. The lack of rigour and systematic approach is often blamed on the possible high cost of pursuing a rigorous process and the unavailability of relative frequency data on the separate risks. The practice of using lump sum or percentage contingency, individual approaches to risk analysis and at best three-point or triangular distributions for risk analysis have thus persisted even though evidence from other industries suggests that rigorous and probabilistic approaches could be applied to construction contract risks.This thesis aims to conduct a review and survey to establish the appropriateness of the types of risk management techniques currently used in the construction industry, to investigate risk perception in construction and its impact on project performance, and to develop a procedural model for the elicitation of expert opinions about risks that minimises the adverse effects of risk perception on individual estimates of risk, and provides these opinions as input variables to the rigorous and probabilistic analysis of contractual risks. The work is a cross-cultural study, applying mail questionnaire surveys, interviews, Delphi and Vignette techniques, and analyzing risk management approaches and applications of the elicitation model developed by the study in both United Kingdom and Ghana. The data generated by the elicitation model are analysed using relative likelihood methods to develop subjective prior probability distributions for use as input variables in the Bayesian analysis of contractual risks in construction.The study concludes that although relative frequency data are often unavailable for contractual risks, existing predominant practices for contractual risk analysis are inappropriate for the nature of contractual risks. Furthermore, individual perceptions about risks significantly affect expert judgements about risks (and consequently project performance) in spite of their expertise. Using the expert elicitation model developed by the study and the analytical approaches applied, it is possible to capture, encode and aggregate the knowledge and experiences of a group of relevant experts to derive probability distribution functions of contractual risks to be applied as input variables to a Bayesian analysis of contractual risks, and thereby achieve a more appropriate, systematic and rigorous approach to contractual risk analysis. Evidence from the study also indicates that this approach need not involve any significantly high costs as the analysis can be done using standard spreadsheet software and add-in programmes that companies already have on their computer systems.Recommendations are thus made for the use of expert team approaches and the elicitation model developed in the study in the management of contractual risks. In addition, implications on existing types of contract, risk management education and further research are highlighted

Letter to William Seward

State department dispatch mentions McIlvainehttps://digital.kenyon.edu/mcilvaine_letters/1136/thumbnail.jp

Letter, Charles Francis Adams to J.P. Battershall, November 30, 1864

This handwritten letter, dated November 30, 1864, is written from Charles Francis Adams, an American historical editor, writer, politician, and diplomat, to J.P. Battershall. The letter explains that Adams cannot find an autograph that Battershall is in search of. This letter was found tipped into volume five, between pages 2-3 of Abraham Lincoln : A History by John G. Nicolay and John Hay.https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/fvw-manuscripts-nicolay-and-hay-documents/1030/thumbnail.jp

Letter, Charles Francis Adams to E. L. Keyes, August 27, 1849

This handwritten letter, dated August 27, 1849, is written from Charles Francis Adams to E. L. Keyes, complementing the articles Keys has written. The letter states that Keys\u27s articles often have better political insight than is customary in a newspaper.https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/fvw-manuscripts-original-manuscripts/1109/thumbnail.jp