Graphic representation of the HdIV genome and transcribed regions.

<p>The 50 HdIV segments are shown in linear form, from the smallest (Hd45, 2548 bp) to the largest (Hd1, 36006 bp). Pairs of HdIV segments with similar sequences were designated, the two segments of each pair being named a and b. Colored boxes show the open reading frames (ORFs). Refer to the legend for color correspondences. Introns within ORFs are indicated by a line between two colored boxes (corresponding to exons). A “transcript coverage curve” is shown above each HdIV segment (i.e. the number of Illumina reads mapping to the segment sequence; for the sake of simplicity, only data from one of the 3 “72 h p.p.” replicates were used to draw the curve). Provisional GenBank accession numbers: Hd45:KJ586284; Hd44:KJ586285; Hd43:KJ586286; Hd42:KJ586287; Hd41:KJ586288; Hd40:KJ586289; Hd39: KJ586290; Hd38:KJ586291; Hd37:KJ586292; Hd36:KJ586293; Hd35:KJ586294; Hd34:KJ586295; Hd33: KJ586296; Hd32:KJ586298, Hd31:KJ586299; Hd30:KJ586300; Hd29:KJ586303; Hd28:KJ586304; Hd27:KJ586305; Hd26b:KJ586306; Hd26a:KJ586301; Hd25:KJ586307; Hd24:KJ586308; Hd23:KJ586309; Hd22:KJ586310; Hd21:KJ586311; Hd20b:KJ586297; Hd20a:KJ586312; Hd19:KJ586313; Hd18:KJ586315; Hd17b:KJ586316; Hd17a:KJ586314; Hd16:KJ586317; Hd15:KJ586318; Hd14:KJ586319; Hd13:KJ586320; Hd12:KJ586321; Hd11b:KJ586302; Hd11a:KJ586322; Hd10:KJ586323; Hd9:KJ586324; Hd8:KJ586325; Hd7:KJ586326; Hd6:KJ586328; Hd5:KJ586329; Hd4:KJ586330; Hd3:KJ586331; Hd2b:KJ586327; Hd2a:KJ586332; Hd1:KJ586333.</p

Encapsulation response to parasitization by <i>H. didymator</i> in four lepidopteran host species.

<p><b>A</b>. Percentage of larvae from which <i>H. didymator</i> eggs were recovered following host dissection 12–36 h p.p. <b>B. and C</b>. Examples of <i>H. didymator</i> eggs recovered between 12–36 h p.p from a permissive host (<i>S. frugiperda</i> or <i>P. includens</i>) and a non-permissive host (<i>M. brassicae</i> or <i>A. gemmatalis</i>), respectively. <b>D</b>. Percentage of <i>H. didymator</i> larvae recovered following host dissection 72 h p.p. <b>E. and F</b>. Example of an <i>H. didymator</i> larva recovered at 72 h p.p. from a permissive host and a non-permissive host, respectively. Note that, in <b>C</b>. and <b>F</b>., a layer of host immune cells surrounds the parasitoid; this is known as encapsulation. In <b>A</b>. and <b>D</b>., different lowercase letters indicate significantly different (<i>p</i><0.05) results. <b>G</b>. Weight of lepidopteran larvae at 3 times p.p. depending on the species. C: control host larvae, P: host larvae parasitized by <i>H. didymator</i>. Asterisks indicate that, for one species and one time, body weight differed significantly between control and parasitized hosts (<i>p</i><0.05). Sf: <i>S. frugiperda</i>, Pi: <i>P. includens</i>, Mb: M. <i>brassicae</i> and Ag: <i>A. gemmatalis</i>.</p

The HdIV transcriptome in different lepidopteran host species (6 h p.p.).

<p>RPKM levels are indicated for genes belonging to the <i>Vank</i> family (<b>A</b>), the <i>Cys-motif</i> family (<b>B</b>), the <i>Vinx</i> family (<b>C</b>), the <i>PRRP</i> family (<b>D</b>), the <i>Rep</i> family (<b>E</b>), the <i>N-gene</i> family (<b>F</b>), the <i>GlyPro</i> family (<b>G)</b>, the known single-copy gene (<b>H</b>), the F1 to F11 family (<b>I</b>) and the newly characterized single-copy gene (<b>J</b>). For each HdIV gene, different lowercase letters indicate a significant difference (<i>p</i><0.01).</p

Profile of HdIV transcript levels during the time-course of <i>S. frugiperda</i> parasitization.

<p>Each row represents the mean RPKM value for each of the 135 HdIV genes analyzed in <i>S. frugiperda</i> at 6 h, 24 h and 72 h p.p. The color scale (black to yellow) indicates RPKM level. The RPKM values were used to cluster genes into classes (A, B and C) with the AutoClass algorithm available from the <a href="mailto:AutoClass@IJM" target="_blank">AutoClass@IJM</a> website. Asterisks indicate significant (<i>p</i>>0.05) RPKM fold-changes with respect to the arbitrary chosen reference (<i>Sf</i> 6 h p.p. sample). White asterisks indicate a significant decrease and black asterisks indicate a significant increase in transcript levels (fold-changes ranging from 2 to 67).</p