Proposal of a complementary method of data compression by discrete event methodology applied at a low level of abstraction

Orientadores: Edson Moschim, Yuzo IanoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de ComputaçãoResumo: O presente trabalho implementa um modelo baseado em eventos discretos aplicados em um baixo nível de abstração em um sistema de telecomunicações chamado método híbrido, sendo usado o ambiente de simulação Simulink® do software Matlab®. Com o objetivo de melhorar a transmissão da informação em sistemas de telecomunicações e contribuir para a área de estudo, em ambiente de simulação é proposto um processo de pré-codificação de bits baseada na aplicação de eventos discretos no sinal antes do processo de modulação. A proposta traz uma abordagem diferente do que se é usualmente feito, na qual a transmissão de sinal no canal é realizada no domínio discreto com a implementação de entidades discretas no processo de geração de bits, tendo como ênfase o bit zero. Na simulação são considerados formatos de modulação avançada para transmissão de sinal em um canal AWGN. Os resultados mostram melhorias na utilização da memória e no desempenho computacional, sendo de 9 a 34%, assim como também ao tempo de simulação. Sendo assim, a extensão desses resultados, tem um forte impacto no melhoramento de métodos realizados em camadas mais altas, já que a proposta atua na camada físicaAbstract: The present work implements a model based on discrete events applied at a low level of abstraction in a telecommunication system named hybrid method, being used the Simulink® simulation environment of the Matlab® software. With the objective of improving the transmission of information in telecommunication systems and contribute to the study area, in simulation environment is proposed a pre-coding process of bits based in the application of discrete events in the signal before of the modulation process. The proposal brings a different approach of usual technical, in which the signal transmission on the channel is realized in the discrete domain with the implementation of discrete entities in the process of bit generation having as emphasis the zero bit. In the simulation are considered advanced modulation formats for signal transmission in an AWGN channel. The results show improvements in memory utilization and computational performance, from 9 to 34%, as well as simulation time. Thus, the extension of these results has a strong impact on the improvement of methods performed in higher layers, since the proposal acts on the physical layerMestradoEletrônica, Microeletrônica e OptoeletrônicaMestre em Engenharia Elétrica132495/2016-3CNP

Proposal for Medical Data Transmission in Healthcare Systems

Background: Information systems used in hospitals are slow and consume a lot of system memory, facilitating crashes, impacting patients seeking consultation face long waiting periods by a medical specialist; Still considering that exchange patient data and medical consultations in system interconnected between hospitals, for scheduling of consultations may become even more latent.Methods: Aiming to solve such problems, the present study implements modeling with discrete-event technology applied to a healthcare system, modulating the signal transmitted with the DQPSK format, through the simulation environment, the Simulink of the MATLAB software, improving the transmission of data, through a pre-coding process of bits adopting discrete events in the signal before modulation.Results: This study aims to increase the information capacity for healthcare systems, bringing a new approach for signal transmission, undertaken in the discrete domain employing the discrete entities in the bit generation process, this use being the differential applied on the bit itself, in the physical layer, showing better computational performance regarding memory utilization related to compression of information, showing an improvement of 101.52%.Conclusion: The proposal developed has the properties of improving the capacity of hospital services and can increase the performance of the communication between all medical devices, this positive impact is the result that the data stream will consume fewer communication resources

Hematology and Digital Image Processing: Watershed Transform-Based Methodology for Blood Cell Counting Using the WT-MO Algorithm

Background: Most diseases can be detected by routine examination, even if they are in the initial phase. Currently, one of the most requested medical laboratory tests is that which allows detecting from bacterial infections until leukemias. However, for less favored populations, this examination can be seen as having a high cost. Methods: Thus, this study introduces an algorithm of segmentation of images capable of detecting and counting red blood cells and leukocytes present in digital images of blood smear. The methodology was named by WT-MO, once it relies on the concepts of Watershed Transform and Morphological Operations. The experiments were conducted in the MATLAB software simulation environment, where 25 images were used in order to evaluate the accuracy, processing time, and execution time of the WT-MO algorithm. Results: The results show that the WT-MO methodology presents high accuracy, reaching 96% and 92% in the red blood cell and leukocyte counts, respectively; reliability and low processing time, reaching an average processing time and execution time, achieving from 0.74 to 2.17 seconds. Therefore, the WT-MO algorithm can be seen as the first step in making laboratory tests more accessible to populations in underdeveloped and developing countries. Conclusion: The WT-MO methodology helps not only disadvantaged populations gain access to low-cost, high-reliability tests but also has excellent potential for use in laboratories in developed countries

The Axis “Human Papillomavirus - Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma”: A Review

Background: Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ASCC) is an infrequent neoplasia that represents 2% of the digestive tumors and it has a growing incidence. Objective: This investigation (i) studies the pathogenesis of an increasingly prevalent disease, (ii) its treatment and prognosis along with (iii) a bibliographical review of the main characteristics of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) as well as its effects on humans. Methods: A literature review is performed, comprising articles up to 2019 and cross-research manuscripts with the initial research. Results: Several studies demonstrate the HPV role as a significant risk factor to the development of ASCC, as well as its higher incidence in HIV-positive individuals and in those who engage in receptive anal intercourse. Future trends in theragnostic using information technology are examined. Conclusions: ASCC is a neoplasm mostly associated with HPV. Many studies are needed to improve the treatment as well as in the evaluation of the tumor characteristics

Health 4.0: Applications, Management, Technologies and Review

The Industry 4.0 Standard (I4S) employs technologies for automation and data exchange through cloud computing, Big Data (BD), Internet of Things (IoT), forms of wireless Internet, 5G technologies, cryptography, the use of semantic database (DB) design, Augmented Reality (AR) and Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR). Its healthcare extension is the so-called Health 4.0. This study informs about Health 4.0 and its potential to extend, virtualize and enable new healthcare-related processes (e.g., home care, finitude medicine, and personalized/remotely triggered pharmaceutical treatments) and transform them into services. In the future, these services will be able to virtualize multiple levels of care, connect devices and move to Personalized Medicine (PM). The Health 4.0 Cyber-Physical System (HCPS) contains several types of computers, communications, storage, interfaces, biosensors, and bioactuators. The HCPS paradigm permits observing processes from the real world, as well as monitoring patients before, during and after surgical procedures using biosensors. Besides, HCPSs contain bioactuators that accomplish the intended interventions along with other novel strategies to deploy PM. A biosensor detects some critical outer and inner patient conditions and sends these signals to a Decision-Making Unit (DMU). Mobile devices and wearables are present examples of gadgets containing biosensors. Once the DMU receives signals, they can be compared to the patient’s medical history and, depending on the protocols, a set of measures to handle a given situation will follow. The part responsible for the implementation of the automated mitigation actions are the bioactuators, which can vary from a buzzer to the remote-controlled release of some elements in a capsule inside the patient’s body.             Decentralizing health services is a challenge for the creation of health-related applications. Together, CBIR systems can enable access to information from multimedia and multimodality images, which can aid in patient diagnosis and medical decision-making. Currently, the National Health Service addresses the application of communication tools to patients and medical teams to intensify the transfer of treatments from the hospital to the home, without disruption in outpatient services. HCPS technologies share tools with remote servers, allowing data embedding and BD analysis and permit easy integration of healthcare professionals expertise with intelligent devices.  However, it is undeniable the need for improvements, multidisciplinary discussions, strong laws/protocols, inventories about the impact of novel techniques on patients/caregivers as well as rigorous tests of accuracy until reaching the level of automating any medical care technological initiative

Biomedical Cyber-Physical Systems in the Light of Database as a Service (DBaaS) Paradigm

Background: A database (DB) to store indexed information about drug delivery, test, and their temporal behavior is paramount in new Biomedical Cyber-Physical Systems (BCPSs). The term Database as a Service (DBaaS) means that a corporation delivers the hardware, software, and other infrastructure required by companies to operate their databases according to their demands instead of keeping an internal data warehouse. Methods: BCPSs attributes are presented and discussed.  One needs to retrieve detailed knowledge reliably to make adequate healthcare treatment decisions. Furthermore, these DBs store, organize, manipulate, and retrieve the necessary data from an ocean of Big Data (BD) associated processes. There are Search Query Language (SQL), and NoSQL DBs.  Results: This work investigates how to retrieve biomedical-related knowledge reliably to make adequate healthcare treatment decisions. Furthermore, Biomedical DBaaSs store, organize, manipulate, and retrieve the necessary data from an ocean of Big Data (BD) associated processes. Conclusion: A NoSQL DB allows more flexibility with changes while the BCPSs are running, which allows for queries and data handling according to the context and situation. A DBaaS must be adaptive and permit the DB management within an extensive variety of distinctive sources, modalities, dimensionalities, and data handling according to conventional ways

Proposal of a medical algorithm based on the application of digital image processing and visual communication techniques

Blood tests help detect various types of diseases, where the erythrocytes count (RBC) and leukocytes (WBC) can use automatic and/or manual methodologies. The evaluation of RBC and WBC has a direct impact on the diagnosis of anemia, leukemia, viral, parasitic and viral infections. Given the importance and wide applicability of the Watershed Transform (WT) and Morphological Operations (MO), they can segment medical images to increase the efficiency and reliability of medical diagnostics. This study uses a WT-MO algorithm for segmentation, detection, and counting of blood cells that attend the criteria of efficiency and reliability. This methodology may be the first step in making blood tests more accessible to people from developing and underdeveloped countries. The WT-MO algorithm has been benchmarked using 30 microscopy images of a blood smear. The WT-MO algorithm results presented high accuracy (93%). The simulations of the algorithm executed in different hardware platforms presented average simulation and processing time with less than 3 seconds per sample. Therefore, the WT-MO based algorithm is accurate, reliable and a low-cost technique, which can be applied as a third methodology to perform the laboratory tests and to speed up further medical diagnostic4586