Hyaluronic acid production by Streptococcus zooepidemicus in marine by-products media from mussel processing wastewaters and tuna peptone viscera

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hyaluronic acid is one of the biopolymers most commonly used by the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, there is an increasing number of recent works that deal with the production of microbial hyaluronic acid. Different properties and characteristics of the fermentation process have been extensively optimised; however, new carbon and protein sources obtained from by-products or cheap substrates have not yet been studied.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mussel processing wastewater (MPW) was used as a sugar source and tuna peptone (TP) from viscera residue as a protein substrate for the production of hyaluronic acid (HA), biomass and lactic acid (LA) by <it>Streptococcus zooepidemicus </it>in batch fermentation. Commercial medium formulated with glucose and tryptone was used as the control. The parametric estimations obtained from logistic equations and maintenance energy model utilized for modelling experimental data were compared in commercial and low-cost media. Complete residual media achieved high production (3.67, 2.46 and 30.83 g l^-1of biomass, HA and LA respectively) and a high molecular weight of HA (approximately 2500 kDa). A simple economic analysis highlighted the potential viability of this marine media for reducing the production costs by more than 50%.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The experimental data and mathematical descriptions reported in this article demonstrate the potential of media formulated with MPW and TP to be used as substrates for HA production by <it>S. zooepidemicus</it>. Furthermore, the proposed equations accurately simulated the experimental profiles and generated a set of interesting parameters that can be used to compare the different bacterial cultures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in which a culture media formed by marine by-products has been successfully used for microbial HA production.</p

Liberal Typing for Functional Logic Programs

We propose a new type system for functional logic programming which is more liberal than the classical Damas-Milner usually adopted, but it is also restrictive enough to ensure type soundness. Starting from Damas-Milner typing of expressions we propose a new notion of well-typed program that adds support for type-indexed functions, existential types, opaque higher-order patterns and generic functions-as shown by an extensive collection of examples that illustrate the possibilities of our proposal. In the negative side, the types of functions must be declared, and therefore types are checked but not inferred. Another consequence is that parametricity is lost, although the impact of this flaw is limited as "free theorems" were already compromised in functional logic programming because of non-determinism

Simulations of Alfvénic modes in TJ-II Stellarator

Alfvénic modes are one of the subclass of instabilities prevalent in burning plasmas due to interaction of energetic particles with background plasma. In this paper we investigate the properties of these modes with 3D simulations using modeling tools STELLGAP [1] and AE3D [2] of Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) heated H-plasmas in TJ-II low-magnetic-shear flexible heliac (B0 = 0.95 T, = 1.5 m, = 0.22 m). These simulations focus on modelling the experimental observations [3] for prominent modes in TJ-II plasmas. Our simulations show consistency in frequency and radial location with the measured Alfvén Eigenmodes [3]. These simulations are performed for chirping and steady modes in TJ-II discharge # 29839 at t = 1150 and 1160ms respectively

A republican command post, a dolmen and a mexican painter in Azutan, Toledo

La excavación arqueológica de una estructura de la guerra civil española no deja indiferente a nadie. Muchos son los datos que nos aporta para conocer mejor aspectos de esta época que están poco estudiados, como, por ejemplo, la vida cotidiana en el frente o el papel que juegan determinadas posiciones militares dentro de amplios territorios a cubrir. Además, resulta que el puesto de mando estudiado en Azután (Toledo) está relacionado con el dolmen ubicado en las proximidades y que fue excavado durante 1981 por la catedrática Primitiva Bueno y el doctor Juan Pereira. A esto hay que sumar que las tropas desplegadas en esta zona durante el conflicto estuvieron comandadas por un exitoso y polémico pintor mexicano apodado “El Coronalazo”. Por otro lado, se ha añadido, de una forma que creemos interesante, una extensión de las nuevas tecnologías a diferentes etapas del proceso de trabajo, de modo que se contó desde con documentación 3D en la excavación hasta reconstrucciones virtuales de apoyo para planteamientos de hipótesis y divulgación.Everyone become impresive because of an Archaeology dig of Spanish Civil War. The information we have due to this are so necessary to study some facts very unkwons, for exemple, daily life or the significance of a military position between longs zones to take care. In addition, the post studied in Azutan (Toledo) is related with the dolmen, localizated near, which was digged out in 1981 by the professor Primitiva Bueno and the doctor Juan Pereira. During the war, troops spread out in this zone were commanded by a successful and polemical mexican painter, called “El Coronalazo”. In the other hand, new technologys have been used during the works, because we think it is more interesant to improve the information we get, since 3D documentation to virtual reconstruction to do stronger our hypothesis and to disseminate the results

Electron Bernstein waves emission in the TJ-II Stellarator

Taking advantage of the electron Bernstein waves heating (EBWH) system of the TJ-II stellarator, an electron Bernstein emission (EBE) diagnostic was installed. Its purpose is to investigate the B-X-O radiation properties in the zone where optimum theoretical EBW coupling is predicted. An internal movable mirror shared by both systems allows us to collect the EBE radiation along the same line of sight that is used for EBW heating. The theoretical EBE has been calculated for different orientations of the internal mirror using the TRUBA code as ray tracer. A comparison with experimental data obtained in NBI discharges is carried out. The results provide a valuable information regarding the experimental O-X mode conversion window expected in the EBW heating experiments. Furthermore, the characterization of the radiation polarization shows evidence of the underlying B-X-O conversion process.Comment: 21 pages, 14 figure