Effects of <i>k</i> parameter on phenotypic similarity and diversity.

<p>(A) Phenotypic similarity (|<i>β_i</i>−<i>β_j</i>|) between strategies <i>i</i> and <i>j</i> in a two-species system in relation to <i>k</i> (solid line). Area left over after each species reaches equilibrium patch-occupancy (i.e., 1−<i>p_i</i>) in relation to <i>k</i> for the superior competitor <i>p</i>₁ (broken line), and the inferior competitor <i>p</i>₂ (dotted line). (B) Equilibrium species diversity in relation to <i>k</i> in stochastic simulations. Diversity is measured as the number of ‘stable’ species, i.e. species able to persist or avoid stochastic extinction over >100 000 time steps. Results shown for <i>d</i> = 0.6 and  = 0.654.</p

Time-series of stochastic simulations depicting evolution of species.

<p>In all simulations species were introduced at the high colonization (low competitive) end of trait space and allowed to subsequently evolve For all simulations shown <i>d</i> = 0.6,  = 0.654, and the average mutation in trait value <i>β</i>, for every bout of reproduction, is <i>μ</i> = 0.001* (1/N) unless otherwise stated (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0033566#s4" target="_blank">Methods</a> for details). (A) Simulation when community is defined by classic competition-colonization trade-off of Equation (1) with the minimum threshold, <i>β</i>₀, indicated by the vertical dashed line. (B) Evolutionary dynamics in a one-species system for the generalized metapopulation model of Equation (2) with <i>k</i> = 60. Species now avoid evolution to stochastic extinction by evolving to a singular strategy, <i>β</i>₁^*, some distance above the minimum threshold <i>β</i>₀. (C) Illustration of disruptive selection with high average mutation distance (<i>μ</i> = 0.0095*(1/N)) in trait value and intermediate <i>k</i> values (<i>k</i> = 60). (D) Community assembly for a large number of species for <i>k</i> = 60 and with distinct phenotypic distances between strategies corresponding to predictions from Equation (9).</p

Mutual invasibility plots.

<p>Mutual invasibility plots for resident-mutant combinations when (A) <i>k</i> = 60, (B) <i>k</i> = 30, (C) <i>k</i> = 10 and (D) <i>k</i> = 5. Plots shown for parameter values <i>d</i> = 0.6 and  = 0.65. Lines correspond to resident-mutant trait combinations where growth of both strategies is zero. The regions marked by ‘+’ signs indicate resident-mutant trait combinations where either strategy can invade and experience positive growth in the presence of the other strategy, while the ‘−’ signs indicate regions where both experience negative growth in the presence of the other. Mutants experience positive (negative) growth, and residents negative (positive) growth in the trait space marked by +/− (−/+). A vertical line at the singular strategy (the point where all zero-growth isoclines intersect) demonstrates the viability of a mutant arising from a resident at or near the singular strategy (see arrow in plot (D)).</p

Appendix B. Result from one-way ANOVA comparing ammonium release from whole-ecosystem transplants, “natural mussel beds”, surrounding sediment and seawater within control chambers.

Result from one-way ANOVA comparing ammonium release from whole-ecosystem transplants, “natural mussel beds”, surrounding sediment and seawater within control chambers

Appendix A. Basic statistics per locus of 17 samples of the coral reef fish Hypoplectrus puella (Serranidae) genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci.

Basic statistics per locus of 17 samples of the coral reef fish Hypoplectrus puella (Serranidae) genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci

Appendix A. List of the 42 associated species found within mussel transplants and results from Welch two-sample t-tests comparing their richness, abundance, and biomass with those of no-mussel transplants.

List of the 42 associated species found within mussel transplants and results from Welch two-sample t-tests comparing their richness, abundance, and biomass with those of no-mussel transplants

Appendix B. Relationship between pairwise geographic distances and genetic differentiation estimates among samples of the coral reef fish H. puella genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci.

Relationship between pairwise geographic distances and genetic differentiation estimates among samples of the coral reef fish H. puella genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci

Appendix C. The effects of irregularly spaced reserve networks on metacommunities with a type II functional response.

The effects of irregularly spaced reserve networks on metacommunities with a type II functional response

Appendix D. The effects of reserve networks on the dynamics of nonequilibrium metacommunities with a type II functional response.

The effects of reserve networks on the dynamics of nonequilibrium metacommunities with a type II functional response

The relationship between A) Connectance, B) total species diversity, C) primary producer diversity and persistence for empirical webs.

<p>Each point represents 100 replicated simulations with colonization rate <i>c</i> = 0.2 and extinction rates  = 0.05 and  = 0.05. The empirical webs are distinguished for the studies in which they were compiled: Cohen = ref. 49 Dunne = ref. 54 Havens = ref. 53.</p