Clinical and endoscopic evaluation on the 14^th postoperative day.

<p>*: mean ± standard deviation, in mm;</p><p>NS: non significant.</p><p>AM: amniotic membrane.</p><p>ES: esophageal stent.</p

Histological evaluation of the esophageal wounds.

<p>*Median (range), in mm;</p><p>NS: non significant.</p>≠<p>: AM1 group: pigs treated with amniotic membrane and sacrificed at day 14.</p>#<p>: AM2 group: pigs treated with amniotic membrane and sacrificed at symptomatic esophageal stricture occurrence.</p>α<p>: ES group: pigs with esophageal stent placement alone after ESD.</p

Symptomatic esophageal strictures rates at day 14.

<p>Symptomatic esophageal strictures rates at day 14.</p

Immunohistochemistry staining with anti-αSMA antibody, original magnification ×200.

<p>Strong signal (brown spots) attesting high myofibroblastic activity (panel A, black arrow) and high vascular density (panel A, white arrow) in control (A); nearly absent signal in MA-treated swine (B).</p

Oxidative stress markers measurements in tissue samples of strictured or normal esophagus; performed in control, AM1 and AM 2 groups.

<p>Oxidative stress markers measurements in tissue samples of strictured or normal esophagus; performed in control, AM1 and AM 2 groups.</p

Application of amniotic membrane grafts on esophageal wounds.

<p>A: esophageal stent with attached non-absorbable suture; B: blue-stained amniotic graft on a nitrocellulose sheet after defrosting; C: amniotic membrane apposition on the external side of a Polyflex stent; D: esophageal stent coated with amniotic membrane graft loaded in the stent catheter; E: endoscopic view of the coated esophageal stent in the esophagus; F: esophageal stent clipped to the esophageal wall using the suture.</p

Histological analysis of the swine esophagus after Masson's trichrome staining.

<p>A: swine from the control group, sacrificed at day 14, with major fibrosis measured at 1.79 mm and thick granulation tissue measured at 0.65 mm, original magnification 12.5x; B: swine from the AM 1 group (amniotic membrane graft and early sacrifice scheduled at day 14), without esophageal stricture, with minimal fibrosis and mostly granulation tissue, measured at 0.94 mm, original magnification 10x; C: swine from the AM 2 group sacrificed at day 21, exhibiting major re-epithelialization measured at 8.06 mm, original magnification 15x; D: granulation tissue with features of acute inflammation, as observed in the early phase of esophageal wounds: high cell density, predominance of polynuclear cells (black arrow), fibrino-leucocytary network (blue arrow), and typical palissadic vascular growth (red arrows), original magnification 400x.</p

Reelin-containing cells, reelin expression and methylation in the hippocampus of MAM and control animals.

<p>(A) Coronal slices from MAM and control animals at Bregma −3.8mm stained with anti-reelin antibodies and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine used as chromogen. (B) Graph indicating differences in reelin positive cells between MAM (black bar) and control animals (white bar). Results represent the mean ± S.E.M. of 9 animals per group from which slides done by duplicate were analyzed. (C) Graph bars indicating methylation differences between MAM and control animals in five CpGs (−782, −772, −768, −754, and −750) from the reelin promoter within the hippocampus. Methylation levels are expressed in percentage for Sham and MAM groups by each measured CpG site. (D) Graph bars indicating differences in reelin mRNA expression from MAM and control rats' hippocampus. Reelin mRNA expression levels were plotted as delta CT values.</p

Discontinuities and heterotopias in MAM and control animals.

<p>(A) Coronal slices at Bregma −3.8mm of the hippocampus, CA1, CA2 and CA3 from MAM exposed rats stained with anti-NeuN antibody and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine as chromogen. The rectangles in the first photo indicate where the magnification shown in the three following photos comes from. Arrows point to actual discontinuities. (B) Graph bars indicating discontinuity differences between MAM rats and control animals in hippocampal subfields CA1, CA2 and CA3. (C) Coronal slices at Bregma −3.8mm from MAM and control animals stained with anti-NeuN antibody and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine as chromogen. The rectangles within the two left photos indicate where the magnification shown in the two right photos comes from. The arrow points to an actual heterotopia. (D) Graph indicating number of heterotopias in MAM rats' hippocampus compared to control animals. Results represent the mean ± S.E.M. of 9 animals per group from which slides done by duplicate were analyzed. *p<0.05 and ***p<0.001.</p

Neuronal size and density in the hippocampal formation of MAM-treated rats and patients with schizophrenia.

1<p>Methylazoxymethanol during embryonic day 17.</p>2<p>Cornu ammonis.</p>3<p>Two dimensional.</p>4<p>Three dimensional.</p