Inequalities in purchase of mosquito nets and willingness to pay for insecticide-treated nets in Nigeria: Challenges for malaria control interventions

Objective: To explore the equity implications of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) distribution programmes that are based on user charges. Methods: A questionnaire was used to collect information on previous purchase of untreated nets and hypothetical willingness to pay (WTP) for ITNs from a random sample of householders. A second survey was conducted one month later to collect information on actual purchases of ITNs. An economic status index was used for characterizing inequity. Major findings: The lower economic status quintiles were less likely to have previously purchased untreated nets and also had a lower hypothetical and actual WTP for ITNs. Conclusion: ITN distribution programmes need to take account of the diversity in WTP for ITNs if they are to ensure equity in access to the nets. This could form part of the overall poverty reduction strategy.This study received financial support from the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical diseases

Mind Your Calling

Mind Your Calling, a speach given for the Friends United Meeting in 1972.https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/arthur_roberts/1004/thumbnail.jp

The Lagrangian spectral relaxation model for differential diffusion in homogeneous turbulence

The Lagrangian spectral relaxation ~LSR! model is extended to treat turbulent mixing of two passive scalars (fa and fb) with different molecular diffusivity coefficients ~i.e., differential-diffusion effects!. Because of the multiscale description employed in the LSR model, the scale dependence of differential-diffusion effects is described explicitly, including the generation of scalar decorrelation at small scales and its backscatter to large scales. The model is validated against DNS data for differential diffusion of Gaussian scalars in forced, isotropic turbulence at four values of the turbulence Reynolds number (Rl538, 90, 160, and 230! with and without uniform mean scalar gradients. The explicit Reynolds and Schmidt number dependencies of the model parameters allows for the determination of the Re ~integral-scale Reynolds number! and Sc ~Schmidt number! scaling of the scalar difference z5fa2fb . For example, its variance is shown to scale like ^z2& ;Re20.3. The rate of backscatter (bD) from the diffusive scales towards the large scales is found to be the key parameter in the model. In particular, it is shown that bD must be an increasing function of the Schmidt number for Sc\u3c1 in order to predict the correct scalar-to-mechanical time-scale ratios, and the correct long-time scalar decorrelation rate in the absence of uniform mean scalar gradients

A study of optimum cowl shapes and flow port locations for minimum drag with effective engine cooling, volume 2

The listings, user's instructions, sample inputs, and sample outputs of two computer programs which are especially useful in obtaining an approximate solution of the viscous flow over an arbitrary nonlifting three dimensional body are provided. The first program performs a potential flow solution by a well known panel method and readjusts this initial solution to account for the effects of the boundary layer displacement thickness, a nonuniform but unidirectional onset flow field, and the presence of air intakes and exhausts. The second program is effectually a geometry package which allows the user to change or refine the shape of a body to satisfy particular needs without a significant amount of human intervention. An effort to reduce the cruise drag of light aircraft through an analytical study of the contributions to the drag arising from the engine cowl shape and the foward fuselage area and also that resulting from the cooling air mass flowing through intake and exhaust sites on the nacelle is presented. The programs may be effectively used to determine the appropriate body modifications or flow port locations to reduce the cruise drag as well as to provide sufficient air flow for cooling the engine

Automated design of minimum drag light aircraft fuselages and nacelles

The constrained minimization algorithm of Vanderplaats is applied to the problem of designing minimum drag faired bodies such as fuselages and nacelles. Body drag is computed by a variation of the Hess-Smith code. This variation includes a boundary layer computation. The encased payload provides arbitrary geometric constraints, specified a priori by the designer, below which the fairing cannot shrink. The optimization may include engine cooling air flows entering and exhausting through specific port locations on the body

Tales from a Placeholder: A Relational Journey with Land, Place, People and Self

The proposed thesis is a collection of place-based, long- and-short-form creative nonfiction essays. The places of interest are where the author spent different amounts of time in during her twenties, including Iceland, Miami and Seaside, Florida, Butte and Missoula, Montana, and a series of National Parks on the western side of the Continental Divide. This thesis is informed what cultural geographer Yi Fu Tuan coined as topophilia: the affective bond between people and place. “Place” and “sense of place,” while each having their own array of definitions in environmental scholarship, are considered interchangeable in the context of my work. A given place can shape one’s perspectives of their natural environment. On a larger scale, communal sense of place can inspire environmental action, as is the case with the success of Missoula’s Open Space program. The author\u27s time in the Environmental Studies program has taught her that in order to be a meaningful part of something—whether it be a place, community or ecosystem—you must be willing to invest time and energy into being rooted into one place, easy or difficult as it may be, in order to understand how it works. Knowing one’s place involves reveling and building up the good, uncovering and amending the bad, and being mindful and accepting of the neutral