25 research outputs found
Decoding reactive structures in dilute alloy catalysts
Rational catalyst design is crucial toward achieving more energy-efficient and sustainable catalytic processes. Understanding and modeling catalytic reaction pathways and kinetics require atomic level knowledge of the active sites. These structures often change dynamically during reactions and are difficult to decipher. A prototypical example is the hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction catalyzed by dilute Pd-in-Au alloy nanoparticles. From a combination of catalytic activity measurements, machine learning-enabled spectroscopic analysis, and first-principles based kinetic modeling, we demonstrate that the active species are surface Pd ensembles containing only a few (from 1 to 3) Pd atoms. These species simultaneously explain the observed X-ray spectra and equate the experimental and theoretical values of the apparent activation energy. Remarkably, we find that the catalytic activity can be tuned on demand by controlling the size of the Pd ensembles through catalyst pretreatment. Our data-driven multimodal approach enables decoding of reactive structures in complex and dynamic alloy catalysts
A Thermodynamic Investigation of Ni on Thin-Film Titanates (ATiO3)
Thin, ~1-nm films of CaTiO3, SrTiO3, and BaTiO3 were deposited onto MgAl2O4 by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) and then studied as catalyst supports for ~5 wt % of Ni that was added to the perovskite thin films by Atomic Layer Deposition. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy demonstrated that both the Ni and the perovskites uniformly covered the surface of the support following oxidation at 1073 K, even after redox cycling, but large Ni particles formed following a reduction at 1073 K. When compared to Ni/MgAl2O4, the perovskite-containing catalysts required significantly higher temperatures for Ni reduction. Equilibrium constants for Ni oxidation, as determined from Coulometric Titration, indicated that the oxidation of Ni shifted to lower PO2 on the perovskite-containing materials. Based on Ni equilibrium constants, Ni interactions are strongest with CaTiO3, followed by SrTiO3 and BaTiO3. The shift in the equilibrium constant was shown to cause reversible deactivation of the Ni/CaTiO3/MgAl2O4 catalyst for CO2 reforming of CH4 at high CO2 pressures, due to the oxidation of the Ni
Anomalous Metal Vaporization from Pt/Pd/Al2O3 Under Redox Conditions
Al2O3-supported
Pt/Pd bimetallic catalysts were studied using in-situ atmospheric
pressure and ex-situ transmission electron microscopy. Real-time
observation during separate oxidation and reduction processes provides
nanometer-scale structural details – both morphology and chemistry – of
supported Pt/Pd particles at intermediate states not observable through typical
ex-situ experiments. Significant metal vaporization was observed at
temperatures above 600°C, both in pure oxygen and in air. This behavior implies
that material transport through the vapor during typical catalyst aging processes
for oxidation can play a more significant role in catalyst structural evolution
than previously thought. Concomitantly, Pd diffusion away from metallic
nanoparticles on the surface of Al2O3 can also contribute
to the disappearance of metal particles. Electron micrographs from in-situ
oxidation experiments were mined for data, including particle number, size, and
aspect ratio using machine learning image segmentation. Under oxidizing
conditions, we observe not only a decrease in the number of metal particles but
also a decrease in the surface area to volume ratio. Some of the metal that
diffuses away from particles on the oxide support can be regenerated and
reappears back on the catalyst support surface under reducing conditions. These
observations represent a first step towards understanding how rapid cycling
between oxidative and reductive catalytic operating conditions affects catalyst
structure.</p
Modified MAX Phase Synthesis for Environmentally Stable and Highly Conductive Ti3C2 MXene
One of the primary factors limiting further research and the commercial use of the two-dimensional (2D)
MXene titanium carbide (Ti3C2), as well as MXenes in general, is the rate at which freshly made samples oxidize and degrade
when stored as aqueous suspensions. Here, we show that including excess aluminum during synthesis of the Ti3AlC2 MAX
phase precursor leads to the creation of Ti3AlC2 grains with improved stoichiometry and crystallinity. Ti3C2 nanosheets
produced from the improved Ti3AlC2 are of higher quality, as evidenced by their increased resistance to oxidation and an
increase in their electrical conductivity to 20,000 S/cm. Our results indicate that defects created during the synthesis of
Ti3C2 (and by inference, other MXenes) lead to the previously observed instability. We show that by eliminating those
defects results in Ti3C2 that is highly stable in aqueous solutions and in air. Aqueous suspensions of single- to few-layer
Ti3C2 flakes produced from the modified Ti3AlC2 have a shelf life of over ten months, compared to one to two weeks for
Ti3C2 produced from conventional Ti3AlC2, even when stored in ambient conditions. Freestanding films made from Ti3C2
suspensions stored for ten months show minimal decreases in electrical conductivity and negligible oxidation. Oxidation
of the improved Ti3C2 in air initiates at temperatures that are 100-150°C higher than conventional Ti3C2. The observed improvements in both the shelf life and properties of Ti3C2 will facilitate the widespread use of this material.
<br /
Structure and stability of core-shell Cu-Pt nanoparticles for catalytic applications
We have successfully synthesized monodisperse core-shell Cu-Pt particles through a solvothermal method that enables control of the shell thickness to enhance the exposed Pt surface area and keep a narrow size distribution. The core-shell Cu-Pt particles were tested as a catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction and showed promising catalytic properties. Post-catalysis analysis showed that most particles remain stable after catalysis. In situ electron microscopy demonstrates the remarkable stability of the sample in an oxidizing environment. It also underlines the degradation mechanisms in oxidative conditions, with segregation of Pt and Cu oxide and the loss of the core-shell configuration. These core-shell Cu-Pt particles have the potential to improve the effectiveness of costly metals used in surface reactions for heterogeneous catalysis
Recommended from our members
Biomimetic Control over Bimetallic Nanoparticle Structure and Activity via Peptide Capping Ligand Sequence
The controlled design of bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) is a key goal in tailoring their catalytic properties. Recently, biomimetic pathways demonstrated potent control over the distribution of different metals within BNPs, but a direct understanding of the peptide effect on the compositional distribution at the interparticle and intraparticle levels remains lacking. We synthesized two sets of PtAu systems with two peptides and correlated their structure, composition, and distributions with the catalytic activity. Structural and compositional analyses were performed by a combined machine learning-assisted refinement of X-ray absorption spectra and Z-contrast measurements by scanning transmission electron microscopy. The difference in the catalytic activities between nanoparticles synthesized with different peptides was attributed to the details of interparticle distribution of Pt and Au across these markedly heterogeneous systems, comprising Pt-rich, Au-rich, and Au core/Pt shell nanoparticles. The total amount of Pt in the shells of the BNPs was proposed to be the key catalytic activity descriptor. This approach can be extended to other systems of metals and peptides to facilitate the targeted design of catalysts with the desired activity
Recommended from our members
Z-Contrast Enhancement in Au-Pt Nanocatalysts by Correlative X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Electron Microscopy: Implications for Composition Determination
The properties of bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) vary widely as a function of their composition and size distributions. X-ray absorption line structure analysis is commonly used to characterize their structure, but its application to elements that are close to each other in the periodic table is hampered by poor Z-contrast. We trained an artificial neural network to recognize the partial coordination numbers in AuPt NPs synthesized via peptide templating using their X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra. This approach, combined with scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis, revealed unique details of this prototype catalytic system that has different forms of heterogeneities at both the intra- and inter-particle levels. Our method based on the enhancement of Z-contrast of metal species will have implications for compositional studies of BNPs
Stable and efficient Ir nanoshells for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions
We report the characterization and applications of core-shell Cu-Ir nanocatalysts for fuel cells. Core-shell Cu-Ir particles with tunable thickness of Ir can be oxidized to remove the Cu core and obtain Ir shells. The thickness of the Ir shells determines the stability and optimization of the precious metals. We showed with in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy the remarkable stability of the Ir shells at elevated temperatures under oxidative and reductive environments. In situ microscopy and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy showed that traces of remaining copper could be detected in the Ir shells. Electrochemical measurements for oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reactions show promising activity and stability compared to a commercial catalyst. Thin Ir shells, with high surface area per gram of Ir, were more active but less stable than thicker shells. In contrast, thicker Ir shells were more stable and had excellent electrochemical properties in both aqueous and alkaline environments. Hence, Ir nanoshells appear as promising candidates to reduce the cost of catalysis while improving chemical performance in fuel cells