Antibacterial activity of various fractions of ethyl acetate extract from the desert truffle, Tirmania pinoyi, preliminarily analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

The antibacterial activity of various fractions of ethyl acetate extract isolated from edible fungi, Tirmania pinoyi (Maire) Malençon, growing in Algeria, was investigated. Extraction was done by the Soxhlet and the fractions obtained were purified with silica-gel column. Two fractions of ethyl acetate extract were tested against the bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 14028 and Enterococcus sp. ATCC 29212 using the agar diffusion technique. These fractions were preliminary analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results show inhibition zones, with diameters between10 and 22 mm, against B. subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. The fractions were not effective against the other investigated bacteria. The GC-MS showed the presence of several products, some of them have antibacterial activity in the literature.Key words: Edible fungi, desert truffle, Tirmania pinoyi, antibacterial activity, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ascocarps

Vegetative compatibility of Verticillium dahlia isolated from olive trees (Olea europea L.) in Algeria

25 isolates of Verticillium dahliae obtained from olive trees: 18 of them originating from two regions of Algeria (Nord-ouest and Kabylie), 4 isolates from France and 3 from Syria. They were investigated using complementation tests with nitrate-nonutilizing (Nit) mutants to know their vegetative compatibility. Among 250 chlorate-resistant sectors obtained, only 187 were Nit mutants. Three types of Nit mutants were obtained (Nit1, Nit3 and NitM) on the basis of the fungal phenotype. Nit1 mutants were the most frequent (71.6%), followed by NitM (16.6%) and Nit3 (11.8%). Based on their ability to formheterokaryons, all olive pathogenic isolates were grouped into a single vegetative compatibility groups (VCG). This is a good indication of the homogeneity of the Algerian V. dahliae population. The results also suggest the absence of a relationship between geographical origin of strains and VCG

Virulence and vegetative compatibility of Algerian isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis

Thirty-two isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis (Fol) were obtained from wilted lentil plants collected from different lentil growing areas in north-western Algeria. Pathogenicity tests were performed on all isolates. The isolates were also assessed for vegetative compatibility using nitrate non-utilising mutants (nit). Isolates that formed mutual heterokaryons were placed in the same vegetative compatibility group (VCG). The Fol isolates represented a single race but differed in their aggressiveness on susceptible lines. In the vegetative compatibility test, three types of nit were obtained (nit-1, nit-3 and Nit-M) on the basis of the phenotype. Nit-1 mutants were the most frequent (63%), followed by Nit-M (31%) and nit-3 (6%). On the basis of their ability to form heterokaryons, all the lentil pathogenic isolates were grouped into a single VCG 0471. This is an indication of the homogeneity of the Algerian Fol population

Genetic diversity of Verticillium dahliae isolates from olive trees in Algeria

Verticillium wilt of olive trees (Olea europaea L.), a wilt caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae (Kleb), is one of the most serious diseases in Algerian olive groves. To assess the pathogenic and genetic diversity of olive-infecting V. dahliae populations in Algeria, orchards from the two main olive-producing regions (north-western Algeria and Kabylia) were sampled and 27 V. dahliae isolates were recovered. For purposes of comparison, V. dahliae strains from France and Syria were added to the analysis. By means of PCR primers that specifically discriminate between defoliating (D) and non-defoliating (ND) V. dahliae pathotypes it was shown that all V. dahliae isolates belonged to the ND pathotype. The amount of genetic variation between the 43 isolates was assessed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A total of 16 RAPD haplotypes were found on the basis of the presence or absence of 25 polymorphic DNA fragments. Genotypic diversity between the 27 Algerian isolates was low, with two RAPD haplotypes accounting for 70% of all isolates. Genotypic diversity was however greater between isolates from Kabylia than between isolates from north-western Algeria. Cluster analysis showed that most of the Algerian V. dahliae isolates grouped together with the French and Syrian isolates. On the basis of their ability to form heterokaryons with each other, a subset of 25 olive-pathogenic isolates was grouped into a single vegetative compatibility group (VCG). These results suggest that the olive-infecting V. dahliae populations in Algeria show limited diversity and that caution should be taken to prevent introduction of the D pathotype

Genetic diversity of Verticillium dahliae isolates from olive trees in Algeria

Summary. Verticillium wilt of olive trees (Olea europaea L.), a wilt caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae (Kleb), is one of the most serious diseases in Algerian olive groves. To assess the pathogenic and genetic diversity of olive-infecting V. dahliae populations in Algeria, orchards from the two main olive-producing regions (north-western Algeria and Kabylia) were sampled and 27 V. dahliae isolates were recovered. For purposes of comparison, V. dahliae strains from France and Syria were added to the analysis. By means of PCR primers that specifically discriminate between defoliating (D) and non-defoliating (ND) V. dahliae pathotypes it was shown that all V. dahliae isolates belonged to the ND pathotype. The amount of genetic variation between the 43 isolates was assessed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A total of 16 RAPD haplotypes were found on the basis of the presence or absence of 25 polymorphic DNA fragments. Genotypic diversity between the 27 Algerian isolates was low, with two RAPD haplotypes accounting for 70% of all isolates. Genotypic diversity was however greater between isolates from Kabylia than between isolates from north-western Algeria. Cluster analysis showed that most of the Algerian V. dahliae isolates grouped together with the French and Syrian isolates. On the basis of their ability to form heterokaryons with each other, a subset of 25 olive-pathogenic isolates was grouped into a single vegetative compatibility group (VCG). These results suggest that the olive-infecting V. dahliae populations in Algeria show limited diversity and that caution should be taken to prevent introduction of the D pathotype

Empirical Legal Studies Before 1940: A Bibliographic Essay

The modern empirical legal studies movement has well-known antecedents in the law and society and law and economics traditions of the latter half of the 20th century. Less well known is the body of empirical research on legal phenomena from the period prior to World War II. This paper is an extensive bibliographic essay that surveys the English language empirical legal research from approximately 1940 and earlier. The essay is arranged around the themes in the research: criminal justice, civil justice (general studies of civil litigation, auto accident litigation and compensation, divorce, small claims, jurisdiction and procedure, civil juries), debt and bankruptcy, banking, appellate courts, legal needs, legal profession (including legal education), and judicial staffing and selection. Accompanying the essay is an extensive bibliography of research articles, books, and reports

Genetic Diversity of <em>Verticillium dahliae</em> Isolates from Olive Trees in Algeria

Verticillium wilt of olive trees (Olea europaea L.), a wilt caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae (Kleb), is one of the most serious diseases in Algerian olive groves. To assess the pathogenic and genetic diversity of olive-infecting V. dahliae populations in Algeria, orchards from the two main olive-producing regions (north-western Algeria and Kabylia) were sampled and 27 V. dahliae isolates were recovered. For purposes of comparison, V. dahliae strains from France and Syria were added to the analysis. By means of PCR primers that specifically discriminate between defoliating (D) and non-defoliating (ND) V. dahliae pathotypes it was shown that all V. dahliae isolates belonged to the ND pathotype. The amount of genetic variation between the 43 isolates was assessed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A total of 16 RAPD haplotypes were found on the basis of the presence or absence of 25 polymorphic DNA fragments. Genotypic diversity between the 27 Algerian isolates was low, with two RAPD haplotypes accounting for 70% of all isolates. Genotypic diversity was however greater between isolates from Kabylia than between isolates from north-western Algeria. Cluster analysis showed that most of the Algerian V. dahliae isolates grouped together with the French and Syrian isolates. On the basis of their ability to form heterokaryons with each other, a subset of 25 olive-pathogenic isolates was grouped into a single vegetative compatibility group (VCG). These results suggest that the olive-infecting V. dahliae populations in Algeria show limited diversity and that caution should be taken to prevent introduction of the D pathotype

Genetic diversity of Verticillium dahliae isolates from olive trees in Algeria

Verticillium wilt of olive trees (Olea europaea L.), a wilt caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae (Kleb), is one of the most serious diseases in Algerian olive groves. To assess the pathogenic and genetic diversity of olive-infecting V. dahliae populations in Algeria, orchards from the two main olive-producing regions (north-western Algeria and Kabylia) were sampled and 27 V. dahliae isolates were recovered. For purposes of comparison, V. dahliae strains from France and Syria were added to the analysis. By means of PCR primers that specifically discriminate between defoliating (D) and non-defoliating (ND) V. dahliae pathotypes it was shown that all V. dahliae isolates belonged to the ND pathotype. The amount of genetic variation between the 43 isolates was assessed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A total of 16 RAPD haplotypes were found on the basis of the presence or absence of 25 polymorphic DNA fragments. Genotypic diversity between the 27 Algerian isolates was low, with two RAPD haplotypes accounting for 70% of all isolates. Genotypic diversity was however greater between isolates from Kabylia than between isolates from north-western Algeria. Cluster analysis showed that most of the Algerian V. dahliae isolates grouped together with the French and Syrian isolates. On the basis of their ability to form heterokaryons with each other, a subset of 25 olive-pathogenic isolates was grouped into a single vegetative compatibility group (VCG). These results suggest that the olive-infecting V. dahliae populations in Algeria show limited diversity and that caution should be taken to prevent introduction of the D pathotype