1945-12-12, James to William

https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/wvasos_collection/1057/thumbnail.jp

‘Fathers, leaders, kings’ : episcopacy and episcopal reform in the seventeenth-century French school

In their drive to `sanctify' the clergy, seventeenth-century French clerical reformers developed highly sophisticated and influential theologies of both priesthood and episcopacy. This article traces the development of the French School's theology of episcopacy by exploring the thought of two of its leading representatives, Pierre de Bérulle and Jean-Jacques Olier. These provided the most original contributions on episcopacy, and their ideas were transmitted through the work of other leading clergy, such as Vincent de Paul and Louis Tronson. The article also summarises the efforts of all of these reformers to implement their vision of episcopacy. Through instructive correspondence and publications as well as through interventions in appointments, all sought, with some success, to mould bishops that personified their episcopal ideal

Corn Residual Nitrate and its Implications for Fall Nitrogen Management in Winter Wheat

Corn (Zea mays, L.) production typically requires supplemental nitrogen (N) to optimize yields. In dryland corn production systems, where N is applied during the early to mid-vegetative growth stages, inappropriate N applications or limited moisture during the growing season can result in large disparities between optimum and applied N rates. This leads to variable post-harvest residual nitrate (NO3-N) accumulation, which is susceptible to loss. However, this NO3-N could provide the starter N requirement of the subsequent winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) crop. Accounting for residual NO3-N present at wheat planting is important to avoid compounding N loss potential due to corn residual NO3-N accumulation. The objectives of this study were to 1) examine plant based tools for assessing soil NO3-N; 2) to examine post-harvest residual NO3-N accumulation patterns following corn production; 3) to determine optimum fall starter N rates for winter wheat production; and 4) to identify a soil NO3-N level above which starter N could be forgone without negative agronomic effect. This study found that plant canopy measurements are useful tools for assessing corn N management and for identifying drought sites, which had the greatest NO3-N accumulations. The corn stalk nitrate test was significantly (p<0.001) and positively correlated with soil residual NO3-N (r2=0.41). Greatest soil residual NO3-N accumulation occurred where drought conditions reduced production. The agronomic optimum fall starter N rate for winter wheat in Maryland is 17 to 34 kg N ha-1 where soil NO3-N concentration to 15 cm depth is less than 15 mg kg-1. However, the fall starter N response was highly variable and declined significantly (p<0.01) as fall precipitation after planting increased. The results of this study indicate that residual NO3-N levels at planting should be considered before applying fall starter N to winter wheat

In situ N2O emissions are not mitigated by hippuric and benzoic acids under denitrifying conditions

This research was financially supported under the National Development Plan, through the Research Stimulus Fund, administered by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (Grant numbers RSF10/RD/SC/716 and 11S138).peer-reviewedRuminant urine patches deposited onto pasture are a significant source of greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from livestock agriculture. Increasing food demand is predicted to lead to a rise in ruminant numbers globally, which, in turn will result in elevated levels of urine-derived N2O. Therefore mitigation strategies are urgently needed. Urine contains hippuric acid and together with one of its breakdown products, benzoic acid, has previously been linked to mitigating N2O emissions from urine patches in laboratory studies. However, the sole field study to date found no effect of hippuric and benzoic acid concentration on N2O emissions. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the in situ effect of these urine constituents on N2O emissions under conditions conducive to denitrification losses. Unadulterated bovine urine (0 mM of hippuric acid, U) was applied, as well as urine amended with either benzoic acid (96 mM, U + BA) or varying rates of hippuric acid (8 and 82 mM, U + HA1, U + HA2). Soil inorganic nitrogen (N) and N2O fluxes were monitored over a 66 day period. Urine application resulted in elevated N2O flux for 44 days. The largest N2O fluxes accounting for between 13% (U) and 26% (U + HA1) of total loss were observed on the day of urine application. Between 0.9 and 1.3% of urine-N was lost as N2O. Cumulative N2O loss from the control was 0.3 kg N2O–N ha− 1 compared with 11, 9, 12, and 10 kg N2O–N ha− 1 for the U, U + HA1, U + HA2, and U + BA treatments, respectively. Incremental increases in urine HA or increase in BA concentrations had no effect on N2O emissions. Although simulation of dietary manipulation to reduce N2O emissions through altering individual urine constituents appears to have no effect, there may be other manipulations such as reducing N content or inclusion of synthetic inhibitory products that warrant further investigation.Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marin

Vincent de Paul: The Principles and Practice of Government, 1625–60

Alison Forrestal explains how the government of the Congregation developed and functioned, and how it operated in relation to the Ladies of Charity and the Daughters of Charity. Vincent de Paul devoted a great deal of attention to governance for all three groups. For them “to share a sense common of identity and familial fraternity,” he emphasized that they were united through their common purpose. He expected everyone involved in government to be guided by trust in providence and the imitation of Christ. He also paid special attention to the formation of leaders for all three groups and treated those leaders as collaborators. The way he managed and trained personnel is described. He made sure the Congregation’s government was flexible enough to respond to needs of the individuals within it and to use their gifts effectively. Flexibility was also essential to cope with new situations. Forrestal cites specific applications of Vincent’s governing principles

Vincent de Paul as Mentor

When leading the Congregation or advising individual members, Vincent de Paul acted from spiritual principles as well as an understanding of psychology. He believed that everyone should follow God’s will by loving others and helping them to imitate Christ’s example of charity. By doing this, each served as a mentor to one another. He guided from both a paternal and fraternal perspective. While discipline and judgment were sometimes necessary, he more often dispensed advice and wisdom. Humility, empathy, gentle persuasion, suggestion, affirmation, and flexibility were the cornerstones of his leadership

TYGR 2007: A Magazine of Literature & Art

TYGR is the student art and literary magazine for Olivet Nazarene University.https://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/stud_tygr/1005/thumbnail.jp

TYGR 2008: A Magazine of Literature & Art

TYGR is the student art and literary magazine for Olivet Nazarene University. [Historical Muse] Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: A man should hear a little music, read a little poetry, and see a fine picture every day of his life, in order that worldly cares may not obliterate the sense of the beautiful which God has implanted in the human soul.https://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/stud_tygr/1004/thumbnail.jp

TYGR 1997: A Literary Magazine

TYGR is the student art and literary magazine for Olivet Nazarene University. Franz Kafka -- The Tiger [Historical Muse] William Blake -- The Tyger [Historical Muse] Cover Art: Madonna -- Sasa Sokolovichttps://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/stud_tygr/1015/thumbnail.jp

TYGR 2005: A Magazine of Literature & Art

TYGR is the student art and literary magazine for Olivet Nazarene University.https://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/stud_tygr/1007/thumbnail.jp