48 research outputs found

    Selective alteration of gene expression in response to natural and synthetic retinoids.

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    BACKGROUND: Retinoids are very potent inducers of cellular differentiation and apoptosis, and are efficient anti-tumoral agents. Synthetic retinoids are designed to restrict their toxicity and side effects, mostly by increasing their selectivity toward each isotype of retinoic acids receptors (RARα,β, γ and RXRα, β, γ). We however previously showed that retinoids displayed very different abilities to activate retinoid-inducible reporter genes, and that these differential properties were correlated to the ability of a given ligand to promote SRC-1 recruitment by DNA-bound RXR:RAR heterodimers. This suggested that gene-selective modulation could be achieved by structurally distinct retinoids. RESULTS: Using the differential display mRNA technique, we identified several genes on the basis of their differential induction by natural or synthetic retinoids in human cervix adenocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, this differential ability to regulate promoter activities was also observed in murine P19 cells for the RARβ2 and CRABPII gene, showing conclusively that retinoid structure has a dramatic impact on the regulation of endogenous genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings therefore show that some degree of selective induction or repression of gene expression may be achieved when using appropriately designed ligands for retinoic acid receptors, extending the concept of selective modulators from estrogen and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors to the class of retinoid receptors

    Transient TNF regulates the self-renewing capacity of stem-like label-retaining cells in sphere and skin equivalent models of melanoma.

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    International audience: BackgroundIt is well established that inflammation promotes cancer, including melanoma, although the exact mechanisms involved are less known. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that inflammatory factors affect the cancer stem cell (CSC) compartment responsible for tumor development and relapse.ResultsUsing an inducible histone 2B-GFP fusion protein as a tracer of cell divisional history, we determined that tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which is a classical pro-inflammatory cytokine, enlarged the CSC pool of GFP-positive label-retaining cells (LRCs) in tumor-like melanospheres. Although these cells acquired melanoma stem cell markers, including ABCB5 and CD271, and self-renewal ability, they lost their capacity to differentiate, as evidenced by the diminished MelanA expression in melanosphere cells and the loss of pigmentation in a skin equivalent model of human melanoma. The undifferentiated cell phenotype could be reversed by LY294002, which is an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and this reversal was accompanied by a significant reduction in CSC phenotypic markers and functional properties. Importantly, the changes induced by a transient exposure to TNF were long-lasting and observed for many generations after TNF withdrawal.ConclusionsWe conclude that pro-inflammatory TNF targets the quiescent/slow-cycling melanoma SC compartment and promotes PI3K/AKT-driven expansion of melanoma SCs most likely by preventing their asymmetrical self-renewal. This TNF effect is maintained and transferred to descendants of LRC CSCs and is manifested in the absence of TNF, suggesting that a transient exposure to inflammatory factors imprints long-lasting molecular and/or cellular changes with functional consequences long after inflammatory signal suppression. Clinically, these results may translate into an inflammation-triggered accumulation of quiescent/slow-cycling CSCs and a post-inflammatory onset of an aggressive tumor

    LRCH Proteins: A Novel Family of Cytoskeletal Regulators

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    Background: Comparative genomics has revealed an unexpected level of conservation for gene products across the evolution of animal species. However, the molecular function of only a few proteins has been investigated experimentally, and the role of many animal proteins still remains unknown. Here we report the characterization of a novel family of evolutionary conserved proteins, which display specific features of cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins, referred to as LRCHs. Principal Findings: Taking advantage of the existence of a single LRCH gene in flies, dLRCH, we explored its function in cultured cells, and show that dLRCH act to stabilize the cell cortex during cell division. dLRCH depletion leads to ectopic cortical blebs and alters positioning of the mitotic spindle. We further examined the consequences of dLRCH deletion throughout development and adult life. Although dLRCH is not essential for cell division in vivo, flies lacking dLRCH display a reduced fertility and fitness, particularly when raised at extreme temperatures. Conclusion/Significance: These results support the idea that some cytoskeletal regulators are important to buffer environmental variations and ensure the proper execution of basic cellular processes, such as the control of cell shape

    Exploiting Mitochondrial Dysfunction for Effective Elimination of Imatinib-Resistant Leukemic Cells

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    Challenges today concern chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients resistant to imatinib. There is growing evidence that imatinib-resistant leukemic cells present abnormal glucose metabolism but the impact on mitochondria has been neglected. Our work aimed to better understand and exploit the metabolic alterations of imatinib-resistant leukemic cells. Imatinib-resistant cells presented high glycolysis as compared to sensitive cells. Consistently, expression of key glycolytic enzymes, at least partly mediated by HIF-1α, was modified in imatinib-resistant cells suggesting that imatinib-resistant cells uncouple glycolytic flux from pyruvate oxidation. Interestingly, mitochondria of imatinib-resistant cells exhibited accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates, increased NADH and low oxygen consumption. These mitochondrial alterations due to the partial failure of ETC were further confirmed in leukemic cells isolated from some imatinib-resistant CML patients. As a consequence, mitochondria generated more ROS than those of imatinib-sensitive cells. This, in turn, resulted in increased death of imatinib-resistant leukemic cells following in vitro or in vivo treatment with the pro-oxidants, PEITC and Trisenox, in a syngeneic mouse tumor model. Conversely, inhibition of glycolysis caused derepression of respiration leading to lower cellular ROS. In conclusion, these findings indicate that imatinib-resistant leukemic cells have an unexpected mitochondrial dysfunction that could be exploited for selective therapeutic intervention

    Régulation de l'activité des récepteurs de l'acide rétinoïque par la dimérisation

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    LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    L'apoptose dans le sperme éjaculé (une piste pour le développement de nouveaux marqueurs potentiels de l'infertilité masculine ?)

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    Récemment, il a été émis l'hypothèse que la mort cellulaire des spermatozoïdes par apoptose puisse représenter une cause d'infertilité masculine et par conséquent, que les événements apoptotiques présents dans les spermes éjaculés seraient potentiellement de nouveaux marqueurs diagnostiques de l'infertilité masculine utilisables pour orienter les choix des techniques d'assistance médicale à la procréation. L'objectif de ce travail a été de tester cette hypothèse sur des échantillons de spermes provenant de patients infertiles enrôlés dans des protocoles de fécondation in vitro (FIV). Pour se faire, dans un premier temps, l'analyse en cytométrie de flux des stigmates apoptotiques classiques de cellules somatiques (chute du potentiel de membrane mitochondriale (dpm), génération de substances réactives de l'oxygène, fragmentation de l'ADN et perte de viabilité) a été réalisée en parallèle de l'analyse conventionnelle du spermogramme. Nous avons ainsi observé que parmi ces marqueurs apoptotiques, la détermination du dpm représentait le test le plus sensible pour évaluer la qualité des spermes de patients infertiles puisque le pourcentage de spermatozoïdes à dpm élevé était fortement corrélé à la mobilité fléchante et aux taux de fécondation après FIV. Nous avons ensuite pu démontrer que la détection par cytométrie en flux des caspases actives -des enzymes impliquées dans l'apoptose des cellules somatiques- dans les spermes éjaculés est également le reflet de la qualité des spermatozoïdes. Pleinement convaincus de l'utilité de la détection des marqueurs apoptotiques dans les spermes de patients infertiles, notre attention s'est ensuite focalisée sur la mise en place de conditions optimales pour détecter de manière fiable les variations du dpm au laboratoire de biologie de la reproduction. Nos résultats indiquent que plusieurs fluorochromes sont utilisables de manière identique pour détecter avec précision les variations du dpm dans les spermatozoïdes en cytométrie de flux, leur choix dépendant de leurs caractéristiques spectrales afin de les utiliser pour des marquages multiparamétriques. Encouragés par ces résultats, nous avons souhaité caractériser les capacités fécondantes des spermatozoïdes en fonction de leur dpm. En utilisant le tri cellulaire par cytométrie, nous avons montré que les spermatozoïdes viables à dpm élevé représentaient une sous population de spermatozoïdes de haute qualité aux capacités élevées de fécondation, puisqu'ils avaient une morphologie normale, une mobilité importante et étaient capables de subir la réaction acrosomique induite par le calcium ionophore. Enfin, nous avons étudié l'influence du pourcentage de spermatozoïdes ayant des mitochondries fonctionnelles, sur le succès des FIV. Nous avons ainsi observé que lorsque l'éjaculat présente moins de 64 % des spermatozoïdes avec un dpm élevé, aucune grossesse n'est observée après FIV. En conclusion, notre travail démontre l'intérêt de développer l'évaluation des marqueurs apoptotiques au laboratoire de biologie de la reproduction et en particulier, la détermination du dpm dans les spermes éjaculés fournit une information précise capable d'identifier les patients à au risque d'échec de FIV.LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocPARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Régulation de l'activité du récepteur de l'acide rétinoïque par les protéines kinases C

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    Les retinoides sont des derives de la vitamine a qui jouent des roles cles dans de nombreux processus biologiques tels que la proliferation et la differenciation de nombreux types cellulaires. Les retinoides exercent leurs effets pleiotropiques par liaison a des recepteurs nucleaires, les recepteurs de l'acide retinoide tout trans (rars) et les recepteurs de l'acide 9-cis retinoique (rxrs) qui se lient generalement sous forme d'heterodimeres a des sequences specifiques d'adn pour reguler l'expression de leurs genes cibles. L'activite transcriptionnelle des recepteurs nucleaires peut etre controlee par la liaison de corepresseurs en l'absence de ligand et le recrutement de coactivateurs apres liaison du ligand. Elle peut etre aussi modulee par de nombreuses modifications post-traductionnelles dont la phosphorylation des recepteurs nucleaires. Dans ce travail, nous montrons que les isoformes alpha et gamma de pk-cs sont capables de phosphoryler hrar sur un seul residu, la serine 157. La modification de cette serine entraine une inhibition de l'activite transcriptionnelle du recepteur qui est correlee a une diminution de sa capacite a former des heterodimeres avec hrxr.LILLE1-BU (590092102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Improvement of the gene splicing overlap (SOE) method

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    International audienc

    Structural Determinants of the Ligand-Binding Site of the Human Retinoic Acid Receptor .alpha.

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    International audienceThe ligand-dependent transactivating properties of retinoic acid receptors are controlled through a complex structure at the C-terminus of these proteins, commonly referred to as the hormone binding domain. This domain is involved not only in ligand recognition but also in protein-protein interactions such as homo- and heterodimerization processes. To identify more precisely regions of the human all-trans-retinoic acid receptor alpha (hRAR alpha) that are involved in ligand binding, we constructed a series of deletion mutants of this molecule and overexpressed them in bacteria. We found that the C-terminal part of the D domain (amino acids 186-198) was necessary for ligand binding. The F domain and the 10 C-terminal amino acids of the E domain were dispensable for high-affinity binding of various natural and synthetic retinoids. A further deletion to position 403 resulted in a moderate decrease in affinity for all-trans-(ATRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acids, whereas the binding of two RAR alpha-specific ligands (Am80 and Am580) was abolished. In addition, hRAR alpha and the minimal hormone binding domain (amino acids 186-410) bound ATRA with a positive, cooperative mechanism. This behavior was not observed with CD367, a conformationally restricted synthetic retinoid. The positive cooperativity could be correlated with stable ATRA binding to RAR homodimers, whose formation was triggered by ligand. In the same conditions, only monomeric CD367-RAR alpha complexes were detected. These data indicate that ligand binding to hRAR alpha requires the presence of part of the D domain, whereas the C-terminal end of the E domain is involved in more subtle ligand recognition processes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS
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