Toward the automated generation of genome-scale metabolic networks in the SEED

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Current methods for the automated generation of genome-scale metabolic networks focus on genome annotation and preliminary biochemical reaction network assembly, but do not adequately address the process of identifying and filling gaps in the reaction network, and verifying that the network is suitable for systems level analysis. Thus, current methods are only sufficient for generating draft-quality networks, and refinement of the reaction network is still largely a manual, labor-intensive process.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We have developed a method for generating genome-scale metabolic networks that produces substantially complete reaction networks, suitable for systems level analysis. Our method partitions the reaction space of central and intermediary metabolism into discrete, interconnected components that can be assembled and verified in isolation from each other, and then integrated and verified at the level of their interconnectivity. We have developed a database of components that are common across organisms, and have created tools for automatically assembling appropriate components for a particular organism based on the metabolic pathways encoded in the organism's genome. This focuses manual efforts on that portion of an organism's metabolism that is not yet represented in the database. We have demonstrated the efficacy of our method by reverse-engineering and automatically regenerating the reaction network from a published genome-scale metabolic model for <it>Staphylococcus aureus</it>. Additionally, we have verified that our method capitalizes on the database of common reaction network components created for <it>S. aureus</it>, by using these components to generate substantially complete reconstructions of the reaction networks from three other published metabolic models (<it>Escherichia coli</it>, <it>Helicobacter pylori</it>, and <it>Lactococcus lactis</it>). We have implemented our tools and database within the SEED, an open-source software environment for comparative genome annotation and analysis.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our method sets the stage for the automated generation of substantially complete metabolic networks for over 400 complete genome sequences currently in the SEED. With each genome that is processed using our tools, the database of common components grows to cover more of the diversity of metabolic pathways. This increases the likelihood that components of reaction networks for subsequently processed genomes can be retrieved from the database, rather than assembled and verified manually.</p

The RAST Server: Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The number of prokaryotic genome sequences becoming available is growing steadily and is growing faster than our ability to accurately annotate them.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>We describe a fully automated service for annotating bacterial and archaeal genomes. The service identifies protein-encoding, rRNA and tRNA genes, assigns functions to the genes, predicts which subsystems are represented in the genome, uses this information to reconstruct the metabolic network and makes the output easily downloadable for the user. In addition, the annotated genome can be browsed in an environment that supports comparative analysis with the annotated genomes maintained in the SEED environment.</p> <p>The service normally makes the annotated genome available within 12–24 hours of submission, but ultimately the quality of such a service will be judged in terms of accuracy, consistency, and completeness of the produced annotations. We summarize our attempts to address these issues and discuss plans for incrementally enhancing the service.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>By providing accurate, rapid annotation freely to the community we have created an important community resource. The service has now been utilized by over 120 external users annotating over 350 distinct genomes.</p

ParabolaX: Learner Engagement with Serious Games

Video games continue to be a growing and vibrant industry. These games have an unprecedented ability to persuade their players to overcome gameplay challenges. As educators struggle to motivate the learners in their classroom, games provide a great opportunity to enrich the education curriculum. The use of games for this purpose is the primary goal of the growing serious games field. ParabolaX is a serious game designed to teach principles of quadratic functions [1]. ParabolaX was developed with two gameplay versions: full and basic. The basic version eliminated many game features. Leaners played ParabolaX during a single classroom session and took surveys before and after they played. Learner scores on quadratic problems before playing were not significantly different than scores after playing ParabolaX, t(65) = -0.486, p = 0.629. Learners that played the full version that included all game like features did not show significantly different engagement indicators than those who played the basic version. Learner engagement did not differ based on gender or prior experience playing digital games. 76.1% of learners playing the full version agreed that ParabolaX helped them understand quadratic functions compared to only 50% of those who played the basic version