The Prophecies of the Naysayers - Assessing the Vision of the Protectionists in the U.S.-Canada Debate on Agricultural Reciprocity, 1846-1854

Debates over proposals to liberalise international trade are often heated and acrimonious. They are often argued, in part, on the basis of projections of market conditions after the proposed liberalisation. These argument are often important in influencing trade policy decisions, yet their accuracy is seldom assessed after liberalisation takes place. As a result, the projections may be more influential than they should be. This paper examines the projections of protectionists in the debate surrounding a proposed reciprocity agreement between the United States and British North America over the period 1846-1854 as a case study. The protectionist prophesies on both sides of the border were found not to be supported by the evidence from the subsequent period of reciprocity. A number of reasons for the inaccuracy of the projections are identified.agriculture, protection, reciprocity, trade agreement, International Relations/Trade,

A Parent-Teacher Association in Every School!

Twelve thousand new members have joined the ranks of the Iowa Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teacher Associations the past year. What does this vast increase mean? It means that Iowa people are realizing that the problems of child welfare are grave and are uniting their efforts to help solve these problems

Children\u27s/Young Adult (YA) Author Event: Tim Green Author Visit

The Children’s/Young Adult Author Committee at Olivet Nazarene University received a $2500 Community Engagement Grant from the university. Because of this grant, the university hosted Tim Green, a former NFL football player who is now authoring books of primary interest to fourth through eighth graders. The success of this grant is difficult to measure, but in numbers, more than 3200 4th - 8th grade students and their teachers attended his speaking events during his two day visit. Green autographed more than 400 books for the attendees. Regarding reading motivation, area teachers have and still are reporting students, boys in particular, who in the past have never read a whole book, but when the teachers give them one of Tim Green’s books, they return and ask for more of his books to read. The Children’s/Young Adult Author Committee plans to continue bringing authors of quality literature to the community

“Round numbers are always false” – More EMIC (culturally contingent) than ETIC (universal)? Is national culture a defining facet of leadership in the defence and security sector?

© Cranfield University 2019. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright ownerLeadership as a function in human groups is found in all corners of the world and can be traced by as far as the start of recorded history. Plato (428/429 BCE 348/347 BCE) was the first to write about the general attributes that determine leadership. This quest to identify traits that predict effective leadership continues to this day. Since the mid-twentieth century, scholarly attempts have been made to establish a universal theory of leadership that transcends cultural boundaries. Although the search for a definitive universal model has so far proved inconclusive, cross-cultural research continues to be focussed on determining whether aspects of leadership and leadership theory are “universal” (etic) or culturally contingent (emic) (i.e., unique to culture). The GLOBE project (2004), the most expansive and significant cross-cultural study to date, found that although leadership is culturally contingent, universal attributes of leadership exist. Although cross-cultural research on leadership has exploded in importance in the last twenty-five years or so, its existence is almost absent in all U.K. defence policy and doctrinal publications. Yet, the MOD’s policy position is to be “international by design” (MOD, 2018) and the recently published Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy (MOD, 2021) signposts deepening defence and security international engagement over the coming decade. A critical review was conducted of selected academic and military literature on leadership, culture, and cross-cultural leadership. A research methodology was designed and developed to focus on a predominantly quantitative approach. This was driven primarily by the research question. However, this was offset by open questions to provide a qualitative element. Therefore, a mixed methods approach was used in this thesis. The research investigated prototypical leadership in sixteen countries across four continents. The cross-cultural research, focussed on equivalence and comparability, was carried out using seven regions as independent variables. The selection of the “middle manager” strata of leadership (Brigadier General to Major) provided functional equivalence. The questionnaire sample size was 1067. The survey included closed and open ended questions which were translated into Arabic, Georgian, Ukrainian, Burmese, Spanish and Korean. The main findings included the identification of twenty-five essential leader attributes that were considered essential across seven regions in the defence and security sector. The thesis failed to reject the null hypothesis that ‘effective leadership attributes, skills and traits in the defence and security sector are culturally contingent across countries and regions.’ The identification of a core of essential military leader attributes, demonstrating “partial universality”, was offset by wider findings that showed leadership in the defence and security sector to be culturally contingent across the sixteen countries. A cross-cultural prototypical military leadership model was constructed to provide a systematic and structured understanding of cross-cultural leadership and a means of cross-cultural comparability. The contextual model is based on seven leader dimensions encapsulating ‘personality and self’, ‘motives’, ‘cognitive capacities and skills’, ‘emotional capacities and social skills’, ‘integrity and moral character’, ‘team skills’ and ‘task skills’. Recognising that culture and leadership have a symbiotic relationship, in which one cannot exist without the other (Ayman & Korabik, 2010), the leadership construct is bound by culture at the micro (individual), meso (organisational) and macro (national) levels. Finally, the research makes a discrete contribution towards an etymological study of “leader” and “leadership” across cultures. An understanding of the etymology assists with the way we think about, study and enact leadership (Case et al., 2011). The findings show that a variance in semantics is indicative of cultural contingency. Notwithstanding this, there is sufficient similarity to permit a route scheme of meaning. Recommendations are made to investigate an expeditionary version of the GLOBE study (2004) questionnaire where data can be collected and collated efficaciously to contribute to the project from an organisational perspective. Further research should examine how the GLOBE study’s six global leadership dimensions can be applied to the defence and security sector. Follow-on work should also be carried out to understand the behavioural manifestations of identified attributes in the defence and security sector. This would make an important contribution to interoperability workstreams and multinational activities with allies and partners. A formal review is recommended to address the cross cultural deficit in U.K. Defence and that the doctrinal gap is closed in the re-write of Leadership in Defence (2004). More broadly, a more coherent approach should be taken between the defence proponents of leadership and culture. Recognising both the complexity and importance of cross-cultural leadership, the Ministry of Defence may wish to take forward the idea of trans-cultural alliances between leadership schools to promote information exchange and achieve a better understanding of indigenous military leadership constructs. Finally, a cross-cultural study into the leadership gender gap in the defence and security sector would provide a valuable research topic. This would advance the status of women in professional military forces as culture has been found to be an obstacle to gender egalitarianism, participation, and advancement in armed forces around the globe.Ph

The Iowa Homemaker vol.1, no.5-6

Table of Contents Dean MacKay Takes Well Earned Vacaion by F. W. Beckman, page 1 Playing the Game of Health With Yardstick and Scales by Grace McIlrath and Gladys Dodge, page 2 A Parent-Teacher Association in Every School! by Carolyne E. Forgrave, page 3 Artificial Feeding of Infants Up-to-Date by Belle Lowe, page 4 Making the Most of Your Old Reed Furniture by Glenna Hesse, page 5 The “Little House” That You Will Like by Helen Paschal, page 6 “The High School Girls’ Clothes Line” a Playlet, page 7 Practical Phases of the Love Nest by Eda Lord Murphy, page 8 Putting the Jell Into Jellies and Jams by Millie Lerdall, page

Effect of pre-operative education on post-operative pain management among adult patients undergoing elective surgery: An integrative review

Introduction: Adequate pain control for surgical patients is an important aspect of their post-operative care. To manage pain, health care professionals use pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies. A significant worldwide increase in the number of surgical procedures and their associated cost has led to a focus on non-pharmacological interventions, like education, to prevent post-operative complications. Education in the pre-operative phase aims to assist patients in overcoming their fears about upcoming surgery, promote pain management and enhance the recovery process. Objective: This integrative review aims to assess the effectiveness of pre-operative education on post-operative pain management among surgical patients. Method:Whittemore and Knafl’s framework guided this integrative review. Three databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2016 and 2022. Twenty-one primary sources reporting the influence of pre-operative education on post-operative pain were selected for review and critically appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Data was extracted and thematically analysed, and the results were synthesised. Results: Two themes emerged from data comparison – ‘factors affecting preoperative pain education’ and ‘outcomes of pre-operative education’. Conclusion: The implementation of pre-operative education is effective in reducing post-operative pain. The results provide a landscape of the current pre-operative education practices, which indicates the need to develop a pain education program for nurses and patients. This education will allow for the implementation of interventions that improve surgical patients’ post-operative pain

Draft Genome Sequencing of Three Glutaraldehyde-Tolerant Bacteria from Produced Water from Hydraulic Fracturing

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of three glutaraldehyde-resistant isolates from produced water from hydraulic fracturing operations. The three strains were identified as sp. strain G11, sp. strain G15, and sp. strain G16. The genome sequences of these isolates will provide insights into biocide resistance in hydraulic fracturing operations

Foot and ankle injuries during the Athens 2004 Olympic Games

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Major, rare and complex incidents can occur at any mass-gathering sporting event and team medical staff should be appropriately prepared for these. One such event, the Athens Olympic Games in 2004, presented a significant sporting and medical challenge. This study concerns an epidemiological analysis of foot and ankle injuries during the Games.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An observational, epidemiological survey was used to analyse injuries in all sport tournaments (men's and women's) over the period of the Games.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 624 injuries (525 soft tissue injuries and 99 bony injuries) were reported. The most frequent diagnoses were contusions, sprains, fractures, dislocations and lacerations. Significantly more injuries in male (58%) versus female athletes (42%) were recorded. The incidence, diagnosis and cause of injuries differed substantially between the team sports.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our experience from the Athens Olympic Games will inform the development of public health surveillance systems for future Olympic Games, as well as other similar mass events.</p

Biomarker discovery for frontotemporal dementia with TDP-43 pathology

The full abstract for this thesis is available in the body of the thesis, and will be available when the embargo expires.Medicine, Faculty ofPathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department ofGraduat