The Effects of Deep Water Running and Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is caused from any type of activity that places unaccustomed loads on a muscle. Athletes are consistently pursuing methods to help decrease soreness. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of deep water running (DWR) and cold water immersion (CWI) on perceived muscle soreness and creatine kinase (CK) activity. Healthy participants (males=2, females =12; mean ± SD, 22.8 + 4.9 yrs; 38.0 + 7.8 yrs VO2max; 113.6 + 27.3 lbs 1RM) completed five days of data collection. Seven days following a 1 repetition maximum (1RM), participants completed an eccentric exercise bout on the prone hamstring curl (4 sets of 10 repetitions, 120% 1 RM). Immediately following the exercise protocol, participants were randomized to one of three treatments: (1) CWI protocol (5 min in water 10 °C, 2.5 min out, 5 min in water 10 °C), (2) DWR protocol (10 min at 60% age predicted heart rate max), or (3) control (CON) protocol (sit quietly for 10 min). Blood was collected at 4 time points: pre-exercise, immediately postexercise, 24 h postexercise, and 48 h postexercise. Perceived muscle soreness was measured using a visual analogue scale (0-10 pain). There were no differences in creatine kinase activity and muscle soreness across trials. Creatine kinase activity significantly increased from baseline (mean=24.5, SD=40.4 Units/L) to 48 h postexercise (mean=165.1, SD=85.3 Units/L) and perceived muscle soreness (pre=.4, SD=.7, post=5.6, SD=2.2) was significantly greater 48 h post eccentric bout (

Cardiorespiratory Responses during Aquatic Treadmill Exercise and Land Treadmill Exercise in Adults with Diabetes

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of aquatic treadmill (ATM) exercise to land treadmill (LTM) exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes. Five participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D group; 4 females, 1 male; age = 51±6 years; height = 170±7 cm; weight = 96±24 kg; body fat = 31.6±2.2%) and five participants without type 2 diabetes (control group; 4 females, 1 male; age = 51±6 years; height = 170±6 cm; weight = 71±15 kg; body fat = 26.8±4.6%) completed the study. Protocols for both ATM exercise and LTM exercise began at 2 mph with 0% grade and increased by 1 mph after 5 minutes at each stage. Termination occurred after participants completed the protocol or reached 85% of heart rate reserve. Heart rate, absolute and relative VO2, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at rest and during steady-state exercise at each intensity. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated. A 2 x 2 x 3 Mixed Factorial ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test with a significance level of .0125 were used. There was a significant difference (p2 of the two groups at 4 mph while performing the land treadmill exercise (T2D: 14.1±1.4 ml/kg/min vs. control: 18.4±1.6 ml/kg/min, p2 between participant groups or modes of exercise. Those with type 2 diabetes had an increased MAP versus those without type 2 diabetes while performing the land treadmill exercise at 2 mph (T2D: 93±3 mmHg vs. control: 81±5 mmHg, p2, and MAP respond similarly in both groups during ATM and LTM exercise at most treadmill speeds