Effect of Adult Male Diet on Fertilization and Hatching in an Insect

International audienceAs in other animals, diet is known to influence insect reproduction, and its impact has been intensively investigated in females. In our study, we examined the effects of various diets on male reproductive success in the moth Agrotis ipsilon, a pest of many crops. Our experiments showed an increase in the rates of fertilization and hatching when males fed with various sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose) supplemented with sodium. Such results provide valuable initial information on the nutritional ecology of male moths and could serve to the development of nutritional attractants for the management of crop pests

Diet Impacts the Reproductive System's Maturation in Male Moth Agrotis ipsilon (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera)

National audienceDevelopmental transitions, such as sexual maturation, demand considerable energy: this suggests diet might be an important external factor controling them. The male Agrotis ipsilon, goes through a sexual maturation between the third and the fifth day of adult life. Morphological and functional shifts in the reproductive system occur during this period. Moreover, moths obtain nutrients (water, amino acids and soluble carbohydrates like saccharose, fructose and glucose) within the nectar. Some of them practice puddling, a behavior allowing to sodium intake from excrements and puddles of brackish water. All of these nutrients are essentials for the accomplishment of the reproductive function in butterflies. In this study, we assessed the impact of diet on sexual maturation in the male moth Agrotis ipsilon

Diet Acts on Detection of Female Sex Pheromones in a Male Moth

International audienceIn most insects, sex-partner meeting relies on males’ attraction by a mixture of species-specific odorants emitted by females: sex pheromones. The pheromonal compounds are recognized by specific olfactory receptors (ORs) located in the membrane of dedicated olfactory receptor neurons (Phe-ORNs) inside antennal sensilla. The pheromonal signal is then integrated into olfactory centers, ultimately leading to sexual behavior. In the male moth Agrotis ipsilon, sex pheromones detection elicits to oriented flight towards the female. As diet impacts the male’s sexual behavior in this species, we suggested that diet might also affect sex pheromones detection. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of different diets on both antennal response by electroantennography (EAG) and Phe-ORN activity by single sensillum recordings (SSR)

Regulation of feeding dynamics by the circadian clock, light and sex in an adult nocturnal insect

International audienceAnimals invest crucial resources in foraging to support development, sustenance, and reproduction. Foraging and feeding behaviors are rhythmically expressed by most insects. Rhythmic behaviors are modified by exogenous factors like temperature and photoperiod, and internal factors such as the physiological status of the individual. However, the interactions between these factors and the circadian clock to pattern feeding behavior remains elusive. As Drosophila, a standard insect model, spends nearly all its life on food, we rather chose to focus on the adults of a non-model insect, Agrotis ipsilon, a nocturnal cosmopolitan crop pest moth having structured feeding activity. Our study aimed to explore the impact of environmental cues on directly measured feeding behavior rhythms. We took advantage of a new experimental setup , mimicking an artificial flower, allowing us to specifically monitor feeding behavior in a naturalistic setting, e.g., the need to enter a flower to get food. We show that the frequency of flower visits is under the control of the circadian clock in males and females. Feeding behavior occurs only during the scotophase, informed by internal clock status and external photic input, and females start to visit flowers earlier than males. Shorter duration visits predominate as the night progresses. Importantly, food availability reorganizes the microstructure of feeding behavior, revealing its plasticity. Interestingly, males show a constant number of daily visits during the 5 days of adult life whereas females decrease visitations after the third day of adult life. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the rhythmicity of feeding behavior is sexually dimorphic and controlled by photoperiodic conditions through circadian clock-dependent and independent pathways. In addition, the use of the new experimental setup provides future opportunities to examine the regulatory mechanisms of feeding behavior paving the way to investigate complex relationships between feeding, mating, and sleep-wake rhythms in insects

Methoprene-tolerant and Krüppel homolog 1 are actors of juvenile hormone-signaling controlling the development of male sexual behavior in the moth Agrotis ipsilon

International audienceIn insects, juvenile hormone (JH) is critical for the orchestration of male reproductive maturation. For instance, in the male moth, Agrotis ipsilon, the behavioral response and the neuronal sensitivity within the primary olfactory centers, the antennal lobes (ALs), to the female-emitted sex pheromone increase with fertility during adulthood and the coordination between these events is governed by JH. However, the molecular basis of JH action in the development of sexual behavior remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the expression of the paralogous JH receptors, Methoprene-tolerant 1 and 2 (Met1, Met2) and of the JH-inducible transcription factor, Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) within ALs raised from the third day of adult life and this dynamic is correlated with increased behavioral responsiveness to sex pheromone. Met1-, Met2- and Kr-h1-depleted sexually mature males exhibited altered sex pheromone-guided orientation flight. Moreover, injection of JH-II into young males enhanced the behavioral response to sex pheromone with increased AL Met1, Met2 and Kr-h1 mRNA levels. By contrast, JH deficiency suppressed the behavioral response to sex pheromone coupled with reduced AL Met1, Met2 and Kr-h1 mRNA levels in allatectomized old males and these inhibitions were compensated by an injection of JH-II in operated males. Our results demonstrated that JH acts through Met-Kr-h1 signaling pathway operating in ALs, to promote the pheromone information processing and consequently the display of sexual behavior in synchronization with fertility to optimize male reproductive fitness. Thus, this study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the hormonal regulation of reproductive behavior in insects

Table5_Regulation of feeding dynamics by the circadian clock, light and sex in an adult nocturnal insect.DOCX

Animals invest crucial resources in foraging to support development, sustenance, and reproduction. Foraging and feeding behaviors are rhythmically expressed by most insects. Rhythmic behaviors are modified by exogenous factors like temperature and photoperiod, and internal factors such as the physiological status of the individual. However, the interactions between these factors and the circadian clock to pattern feeding behavior remains elusive. As Drosophila, a standard insect model, spends nearly all its life on food, we rather chose to focus on the adults of a non-model insect, Agrotis ipsilon, a nocturnal cosmopolitan crop pest moth having structured feeding activity. Our study aimed to explore the impact of environmental cues on directly measured feeding behavior rhythms. We took advantage of a new experimental set-up, mimicking an artificial flower, allowing us to specifically monitor feeding behavior in a naturalistic setting, e.g., the need to enter a flower to get food. We show that the frequency of flower visits is under the control of the circadian clock in males and females. Feeding behavior occurs only during the scotophase, informed by internal clock status and external photic input, and females start to visit flowers earlier than males. Shorter duration visits predominate as the night progresses. Importantly, food availability reorganizes the microstructure of feeding behavior, revealing its plasticity. Interestingly, males show a constant number of daily visits during the 5 days of adult life whereas females decrease visitations after the third day of adult life. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the rhythmicity of feeding behavior is sexually dimorphic and controlled by photoperiodic conditions through circadian clock-dependent and independent pathways. In addition, the use of the new experimental set-up provides future opportunities to examine the regulatory mechanisms of feeding behavior paving the way to investigate complex relationships between feeding, mating, and sleep-wake rhythms in insects.</p

Table1_Regulation of feeding dynamics by the circadian clock, light and sex in an adult nocturnal insect.DOCX

Animals invest crucial resources in foraging to support development, sustenance, and reproduction. Foraging and feeding behaviors are rhythmically expressed by most insects. Rhythmic behaviors are modified by exogenous factors like temperature and photoperiod, and internal factors such as the physiological status of the individual. However, the interactions between these factors and the circadian clock to pattern feeding behavior remains elusive. As Drosophila, a standard insect model, spends nearly all its life on food, we rather chose to focus on the adults of a non-model insect, Agrotis ipsilon, a nocturnal cosmopolitan crop pest moth having structured feeding activity. Our study aimed to explore the impact of environmental cues on directly measured feeding behavior rhythms. We took advantage of a new experimental set-up, mimicking an artificial flower, allowing us to specifically monitor feeding behavior in a naturalistic setting, e.g., the need to enter a flower to get food. We show that the frequency of flower visits is under the control of the circadian clock in males and females. Feeding behavior occurs only during the scotophase, informed by internal clock status and external photic input, and females start to visit flowers earlier than males. Shorter duration visits predominate as the night progresses. Importantly, food availability reorganizes the microstructure of feeding behavior, revealing its plasticity. Interestingly, males show a constant number of daily visits during the 5 days of adult life whereas females decrease visitations after the third day of adult life. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the rhythmicity of feeding behavior is sexually dimorphic and controlled by photoperiodic conditions through circadian clock-dependent and independent pathways. In addition, the use of the new experimental set-up provides future opportunities to examine the regulatory mechanisms of feeding behavior paving the way to investigate complex relationships between feeding, mating, and sleep-wake rhythms in insects.</p

Table6_Regulation of feeding dynamics by the circadian clock, light and sex in an adult nocturnal insect.DOCX

Animals invest crucial resources in foraging to support development, sustenance, and reproduction. Foraging and feeding behaviors are rhythmically expressed by most insects. Rhythmic behaviors are modified by exogenous factors like temperature and photoperiod, and internal factors such as the physiological status of the individual. However, the interactions between these factors and the circadian clock to pattern feeding behavior remains elusive. As Drosophila, a standard insect model, spends nearly all its life on food, we rather chose to focus on the adults of a non-model insect, Agrotis ipsilon, a nocturnal cosmopolitan crop pest moth having structured feeding activity. Our study aimed to explore the impact of environmental cues on directly measured feeding behavior rhythms. We took advantage of a new experimental set-up, mimicking an artificial flower, allowing us to specifically monitor feeding behavior in a naturalistic setting, e.g., the need to enter a flower to get food. We show that the frequency of flower visits is under the control of the circadian clock in males and females. Feeding behavior occurs only during the scotophase, informed by internal clock status and external photic input, and females start to visit flowers earlier than males. Shorter duration visits predominate as the night progresses. Importantly, food availability reorganizes the microstructure of feeding behavior, revealing its plasticity. Interestingly, males show a constant number of daily visits during the 5 days of adult life whereas females decrease visitations after the third day of adult life. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the rhythmicity of feeding behavior is sexually dimorphic and controlled by photoperiodic conditions through circadian clock-dependent and independent pathways. In addition, the use of the new experimental set-up provides future opportunities to examine the regulatory mechanisms of feeding behavior paving the way to investigate complex relationships between feeding, mating, and sleep-wake rhythms in insects.</p

Table4_Regulation of feeding dynamics by the circadian clock, light and sex in an adult nocturnal insect.DOCX

Animals invest crucial resources in foraging to support development, sustenance, and reproduction. Foraging and feeding behaviors are rhythmically expressed by most insects. Rhythmic behaviors are modified by exogenous factors like temperature and photoperiod, and internal factors such as the physiological status of the individual. However, the interactions between these factors and the circadian clock to pattern feeding behavior remains elusive. As Drosophila, a standard insect model, spends nearly all its life on food, we rather chose to focus on the adults of a non-model insect, Agrotis ipsilon, a nocturnal cosmopolitan crop pest moth having structured feeding activity. Our study aimed to explore the impact of environmental cues on directly measured feeding behavior rhythms. We took advantage of a new experimental set-up, mimicking an artificial flower, allowing us to specifically monitor feeding behavior in a naturalistic setting, e.g., the need to enter a flower to get food. We show that the frequency of flower visits is under the control of the circadian clock in males and females. Feeding behavior occurs only during the scotophase, informed by internal clock status and external photic input, and females start to visit flowers earlier than males. Shorter duration visits predominate as the night progresses. Importantly, food availability reorganizes the microstructure of feeding behavior, revealing its plasticity. Interestingly, males show a constant number of daily visits during the 5 days of adult life whereas females decrease visitations after the third day of adult life. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the rhythmicity of feeding behavior is sexually dimorphic and controlled by photoperiodic conditions through circadian clock-dependent and independent pathways. In addition, the use of the new experimental set-up provides future opportunities to examine the regulatory mechanisms of feeding behavior paving the way to investigate complex relationships between feeding, mating, and sleep-wake rhythms in insects.</p

Table2_Regulation of feeding dynamics by the circadian clock, light and sex in an adult nocturnal insect.DOCX

Animals invest crucial resources in foraging to support development, sustenance, and reproduction. Foraging and feeding behaviors are rhythmically expressed by most insects. Rhythmic behaviors are modified by exogenous factors like temperature and photoperiod, and internal factors such as the physiological status of the individual. However, the interactions between these factors and the circadian clock to pattern feeding behavior remains elusive. As Drosophila, a standard insect model, spends nearly all its life on food, we rather chose to focus on the adults of a non-model insect, Agrotis ipsilon, a nocturnal cosmopolitan crop pest moth having structured feeding activity. Our study aimed to explore the impact of environmental cues on directly measured feeding behavior rhythms. We took advantage of a new experimental set-up, mimicking an artificial flower, allowing us to specifically monitor feeding behavior in a naturalistic setting, e.g., the need to enter a flower to get food. We show that the frequency of flower visits is under the control of the circadian clock in males and females. Feeding behavior occurs only during the scotophase, informed by internal clock status and external photic input, and females start to visit flowers earlier than males. Shorter duration visits predominate as the night progresses. Importantly, food availability reorganizes the microstructure of feeding behavior, revealing its plasticity. Interestingly, males show a constant number of daily visits during the 5 days of adult life whereas females decrease visitations after the third day of adult life. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the rhythmicity of feeding behavior is sexually dimorphic and controlled by photoperiodic conditions through circadian clock-dependent and independent pathways. In addition, the use of the new experimental set-up provides future opportunities to examine the regulatory mechanisms of feeding behavior paving the way to investigate complex relationships between feeding, mating, and sleep-wake rhythms in insects.</p