The history of the Quarterly Bulletin

This edition marks the 50th anniversary of the Quarterly Bulletin. Over the years, the Bulletin has been one of the main conduits through which the Bank has communicated its thinking to the wider public. This article reviews the history of the Bulletin — both its origins and its subsequent evolution — as well as examining some of the insights that can be gleaned from its pages on some of the key central banking issues of the time.

From Compliance To Commitment: The Individual And Organizational Implications Of Emotional Tax

The purpose of this research is to explore emotional tax and how it negatively impacts Black women\u27s experiences in corporate America and intimately learn more about the professional experiences of Black women millennials in corporate America. Specifically, the research focuses on the experiences of Black millennial women (born between 1981 to 1996) in entry-level and middle management positions (Dimock, 2019). This study includes 10 confidential qualitative interviews with Black millennial women in corporate organizations across the United States. Emotional Tax (Travis, 2016) is described “as the heightened experience of being different from peers at work because of your gender and/or race/ethnicity and the associated detrimental effects on health, well-being, and the ability to thrive at work” (Travis, 2016). Organizations with more culturally and ethnically diverse executive teams are 33% more likely to see better profits while employees effectively engaged and supported are more productive in the workplace, which drives profitability (Hunt, Prince, Dixon-Fyle, & Yee, 2018)

Study protocol: Choice within abortion care pathways - perspectives of service providers, managers and commissioners

In England and Wales, medical abortions accounted for 74% of abortions in 2019, and this figure has doubled over the last decade. Both medical and surgical abortion are highly safe and effective, have few contraindications and can be provided in an outpatient setting. The 2019 NICE guidelines for abortion state that women should be offered an informed choice of both methods, but choice of methods has been identified as an area of care that requires improvement in previous studies. The aim of this study is to explore how the financing, management and organisation of abortion services can expand or limit abortion method choice, and how providers’ perceptions of abortion and abortion methods influence their provision of services and information. Key informant interviews will be conducted with 15-20 providers of abortion care (including nurses, midwives, obstetricians and gynaecologists), 5- 10 managers of abortion services and 5-10 commissioners of abortion services. Participants will be purposively recruited through email and snowballing sampling with support from two professional associations. Interviews will be conducted by phone or web-call by myself, depending on the preference of the participant. Interviews will be semi-structured, using a topic guide. Interviews will be audio-recorded and transcribed. Data will be analysed using thematic analysis and findings will be disseminated through conference presentations, peer-reviewed journal articles, and a PhD thesis. Research results are intended to inform policies and practice surrounding the provision of choice within abortion care pathways in the UK, and in other countries where medical methods of abortion are increasingly replacing surgical methods

The illusion of treatment choice in abortion care: a qualitative study of comparative care experiences in England and Wales

Treatment choice is a key component of quality, person-centred care, but policies promoting choice often ignore how capacity to choose is unequally distributed and influenced by social structures. In abortion care, the choice of either medication or a procedure is limited in many countries, but the structuring of treatment choice from the perspective of people accessing abortion care is poorly understood. This qualitative study explored comparative experiences of abortion treatment choice in England and Wales, using in-depth interviews with 32 people who recently accessed abortion care and had one or more prior abortions. A codebook approach was used to analyse the data, informed by a multidisciplinary framework for understanding the relationship between choice and equity. Abortion treatment choice was structured by multiple intersecting mechanisms: limitations on the supply of abortion care, incomplete or unbalanced information from providers, and participants' socio-economic environments. Long waiting times or travel distances could reduce choice of both treatment options. In interactions with providers, participants described not being offered procedural abortions or receiving information that favoured medication abortion. Participants' socio-economic environments impacted the way they navigated decision-making and their ability to manage the experience of either treatment option. Individual preferences for care were shaped in part by the interplay between these structural barriers, creating an illusion of choice, as the health system bias towards medication abortion reinforced some participants’ negative perceptions of procedural abortion. The erosion of choice, to the point it is rendered illusory, has unequal impacts on quality of care. People's needs for their abortion care are complex and diverse, and access to varied service models is required to meet these needs. Treatment choice could be expanded by integrating public and private non-profit sector provision, aligning time limits and workforce requirements for abortion care with international standards, addressing financial pressures on service delivery, and revising the language used to depict each treatment option

Structural barriers or patient preference? A mixed methods appraisal of medical abortion use in England and Wales

Although patient choice of abortion method is a key component of quality care, medical abortion (MA) has become the most common method (87%) in England and Wales, as in many countries worldwide. This research aimed to critically examine factors influencing the growth in MA use in England and Wales. Mixed methods were used, combining multi-level regression analysis of national abortion statistics (2011-2020) and key informant interviews with abortion service managers, commissioners, and providers (n=27). Overall trends have been driven by growth in MA use for abortions under 10 weeks in the private non-profit sector. Variation in MA use between patient sub-groups and regions has narrowed over time. Qualitative findings highlight health system constraints that have influenced the shift towards MA, including workforce constraints, infrastructure requirements, provider policies, cost, and commissioning practices involving under-funding and competition, which have caused the private non-profit sector to limit method choice across their services to remain financially viable. While removal of legal restrictions on MA has expanded choice, similar policy progress has not been seen for surgical methods. The study concludes that abortion method choice has been constrained by structural health system factors, with potential negative consequences for service acceptability, inequalities, and patient-centredness

The comorbidity of hypertension and psychological distress: a study of nine countries in the former Soviet Union.

BACKGROUND: Mental health problems in those with physical ailments are often overlooked, especially in the former Soviet Union (fSU) where this comorbidity has received little attention. Our study examines the comorbidity of psychological distress and hypertension in the fSU. METHODS: Nationally representative household survey data from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine in 2001 and 2010 were analysed to compare the levels of psychological distress in people with and without self-reported hypertension. Multivariate regression analysed determinants of psychological distress in hypertensive respondents, and prevalence rate ratios were calculated to compare the change in distress between the two groups. RESULTS: There were significantly higher levels of psychological distress among hypertensive respondents (9.9%) than in the general population (4.9%), and a significant association between the two conditions [odds ratio (OR) = 2.27 (1.91; 2.70)]. Characteristics associated with distress among hypertensive respondents included residing in Armenia or Kyrgyzstan, being female, over age 50, with a poor economic situation, lower education, poor emotional support and limited access to medical drugs. Levels of distress declined between 2001 and 2010, but at a lesser rate in hypertensive respondents [rate ratio (RR) = 0.85 (0.75; 0.95)] than non-hypertensive respondents [RR = 0.65 (0.56; 0.75)]. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between psychological distress and hypertension in the region

R. Footman to Susannah Livingston Kean, July 30, 1793

A receipt from R. Footman to Susannah Livingston Kean. This receipt is for the purchase of an andiron shovel.https://digitalcommons.kean.edu/lhc_1790s/1484/thumbnail.jp

Racial Equity Framework for Gun Violence Prevention

This report urges us to think carefully about the relationship between gun violence prevention and racial equity. Racial equity impact assessments (REIAs), such as the assessment proposed in this report, guide advocates, policy makers, and researchers through a thorough examination of policies with an equity lens to anticipate the potential outcomes and mitigate foreseeable risks. It requires one to ask fundamental questions about when to justify involvement with the criminal legal system, identify the costs and benefits of engagement, and think about alternatives to minimize harm. This framework acknowledges that solutions to gun violence, however well intentioned they may be, can exacerbate or compound upon the harms suffered by impacted communities if they are made without careful analysis and the input of those directly affected by it.Gun violence affects everyone. It inflicts an enormous burden upon our country, particularly within under-resourced Black and Latino/Hispanic communities. The politics of guns and race have long been intertwined, but racial equity only recently became a focal point of discussions among gun violence prevention groups, catalyzed by the advocacy of community-based and BIPOC-led organizations.In partnership with many stakeholders across the gun violence prevention movement, this racial equity framework is a resource that can be used by policymakers, researchers, and organizations working in gun violence prevention. Representatives from the six authoring organizations comprised a small working group to plan development of the report and convened a series of conversations to share proposals and review feedback from expert contributors. In addition to advancing racial equity, the core values of inclusion, collaboration, and consensus-building guided the project from early stages through completion.Building upon existing racial equity work and guidance, this report is informed by the public health model of social determinants of health and has been tailored to the specific needs of gun violence prevention. The tools and recommendations proposed in this report are derived from relevant academic literature, racial equity impact assessments, and frameworks for building more equitable social movements.The racial equity framework for gun violence prevention is divided into three main sections: The first section introduces the most relevant considerations about gun policy and race. It helps contextualize the issue of racial disparities in gun violence and the role of the criminal legal system. The second section is the racial equity impact assessment tool (REIA) for gun violence prevention policy. It includes the analysis of the foundational assessments that were considered to develop the tool and a practical explanation of each of the questions that comprise the REIA. The third section provides resources to build a more equitable gun violence prevention movement. It describes the need to center and invest in BIPOC-led organizations and presents a set of recommendations for developing and sustaining a more equitable gun violence prevention movement.