Épocas de drenagem final em duas cultivares de arroz irrigado

Two experiments were carried out to determine the ideal timing of drainage before harvest for rice cultivars IAC 435 and IR 841-63-5-L-9-33. The treatments were: drainage at seven, fourteen, 21, 28 and 35 days after flowering and drainage at complete maturatión. The grain yield of cultivar IAC 435 was not affected by the timing of drainage, while that of cultivar IR 841-63-5-L-9-33 increased as the drainage was delayed. Similarly, the percent whole rice of the two cultivars and the percent hulled rice of the cultivar IR 841-63-5-L-9-33 were higher as the drainage was delayed. However, the percent hulled rice of the cultivar IAC-435 was higher when the water was drained 31 days alter flowering. Considering the water economy in addition to grain yield and percent hulled rice, it is desirable that paddy drainage should be dons 30 days alter flowering.Foram conduzidas dois experimentos, em um solo Glei Húmico (VIII) (ORDEM), visando a determinar a melhor época de drenagem final para as cultivares IAC 435 e IR 841-63-5-L-9-33. Os tratamentos de drenagem consistiram de: drenagem aos sete, quatorze, 21, 28 e 35 dias após o início da floração e na maturação completa. A produção de grãos da cultivar IAC 435 não foi afetada pelas épocas de drenagem, enquanto que a da IR 841-63-5-L-9-33 aumentou à medida que se retardou a drenagem final. Da mesma forma, o rendimento de grãos inteiros das duas cultivares e o rendimento no beneficiamento da cultivar IR 841-63-5-L-9-33 foram maiores quanto mais tarde a lavoura foi drenada. Entretanto, o rendimento no beneficiamento da cultivar IAC 435 foi maior, quando a drenagem foi efetuada aos 31 dias após afloração, pois, este valor corresponde ao ponto máximo da equação que expressa a relação entre épocas de drenagem final e rendimento no beneficiamento. Considerando a produção, o rendimento no beneficiamento e a economia de água, pode-se recomendar que a drenagem da lavoura de arroz seja feita aos 30 dias após a floração

Identification of repetitive bean samples using multivariate analysis

Este trabalho objetivou testar as técnicas de análise multivariada e da medida de divergência genética representada pela distância generalizada de Mahalanobis na seleção de descritores e na identificação de duplicidades de acessos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Cinqüenta acessos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG-Feijão), da Embrapa - Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Arroz e Feijão (CNPAF), foram avaliados em junho de 1993, utilizando-se delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com duas repetições. Dez descritores com características quantitativas e fenológicas foram analisados por meio de variáveis canônicas e distância de Mahalanobis. Todos os caracteres foram importantes na descrição do germoplasma. A técnica de agrupamento pela distância generalizada de Mahalanobis mostrou-se viável e eficaz na identificação de duplicidades do feijoeiro, podendo ser utilizada rotineiramente no Banco de Germoplasma.Fifty bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) samples from the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa - Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Arroz e Feijão (CNPAF), Goiânia, GO, Brazil, were studied using multivariable techniques to screen descriptors for characterization, to measure genetic diversity and to group samples, looking for repetitive access identification. Germplasm evaluation was carried out in June 1993, using the randomized block design with two replications. Ten quantitative and phenologic descriptors were used for characterization and analysed by canonic variables and Mahalanobis distance techniques. There were no redundant characters and all descriptors were important for sample description. The grouping technique using the diversity genetic measures through the Mahalanobis generalized distance showed to be efficient and viable for identification of repetitive samples, being an appropriate procedure to be used in genebanks

Seed treatment with micronutrients on yield and grain quality of rice

Foi desenvolvido um experimento, em condições de campo, para estudar o efeito do tratamento de sementes de arroz (Oryza sativa L.), cv. IAC-47, com Cu, Zn, Mo e B sobre várias características dessa cultivar. A altura das plantas foi significativamente aumentada pelo tratamento com Zn, em relação à testemunha. A produção, componentes de produção e qualidade dos grãos não foram afetados significativamente pelos tratamentos, embora as maiores produções de grãos tenham sido obtidas nos tratamentos com água e Zn.A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of seed treatment with the micronutrients Cu, Zn, Mo and B on different plant characteristics and yield of vice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. IAC 47. The plant height of Zn treated seeds was significantly increased compared with untreated seeds. The yield, yield components and rice quality were not affected by the treatments. However, seed treatment with water alone or with Zn increased grain yield

Variabilidade genética de variedades locais de arroz determinada por marcadores SSR

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability of rice (Oryza sativa) landraces collected in Brazilian small farms. Twelve simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers characterized 417 landraces collected in 1986, 1987 and 2003, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The number of landraces with long and thin grain type increased in the evaluated period, probably due to market demand. Based on the molecular data, the genetic variability increased during this period and, as per to the factorial correspondence analysis, most of the accessions were grouped according to the year of collection. The incorporation of modern rice cultivars in landrace cultivation areas and the selection carried out by small farmers are the most probable factors responsible for increasing landrace genetic variability, during the evaluated period. Genotype exchange between farmers, selection practice and local environmental adaptation are able to generate novel adapted allele combinations, which can be used by breeding programs, to reinitiate the process.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade genética de variedades locais de arroz (Oryza sativa), coletadas em pequenas propriedades rurais. Doze marcadores microssatélites (SSR) caracterizaram 417 variedades locais, coletadas em 1986, 1987 e 2003, no Estado de Goiás. O número de variedades locais com tipo de grão longo e fino aumentou no intervalo de tempo avaliado, provavelmente em razão da demanda de mercado. Conforme os dados moleculares, houve aumento na variabilidade genética e, por meio da análise fatorial de correspondência, observou-se que a maior parte dos acessos foi agrupada de acordo com o ano de coleta. A incorporação de cultivares modernas de arroz às áreas de cultivo das variedades locais e a seleção realizada pelos pequenos agricultores são, provavelmente, os fatores responsáveis pelo aumento observado na variabilidade genética, ao longo do período avaliado. O intercâmbio de genótipos entre fazendeiros, a prática da seleção e a adaptação ambiental ao local de cultivo são capazes de gerar novas combinações alélicas adaptadas que, por sua vez, podem ser usadas pelos programas de melhoramento, para reiniciar o processo

Microsatellite diversity and genetic structure among common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces in Brazil, a secondary center of diversity

Brazil is the largest producer and consumer of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), which is the most important source of human dietary protein in that country. This study assessed the genetic diversity and the structure of a sample of 279 geo-referenced common bean landraces from Brazil, using molecular markers. Sixty-seven microsatellite markers spread over the 11 linkage groups of the common bean genome, as well as Phaseolin, PvTFL1y, APA and four SCAR markers were used. As expected, the sample showed lower genetic diversity compared to the diversity in the primary center of diversification. Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools were both present but the latter gene pool was four times more frequent than the former. The two gene pools could be clearly distinguished; limited admixture was observed between these groups. The Mesoamerican group consisted of two sub-populations, with a high level of admixture between them leading to a large proportion of stabilized hybrids not observed in the centers of domestication. Thus, Brazil can be considered a secondary center of diversification of common bean. A high degree of genome-wide multilocus associations even among unlinked loci was observed, confirming the high level of structure in the sample and suggesting that association mapping should be conducted in separate Andean and Mesoamerican Brazilian samples

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI