The chosen aspects of grenade launcher ammunition operating usage

W artykule przedstawiono wpływ wad występujących w amunicji granatnikowej na operacyjne wykorzystanie granatników. Omawianą problematykę poparto licznymi przykładami stwierdzonymi podczas badań diagnostycznych amunicji granatnikowej.This article presents influence of grenade launcher ammunition defects on military operational using of grenade launchers. This problem is backed up by numerous defect examples detected during grenade launcher ammunition diagnostics tests

Ultrafast Conformational Dynamics in Cyclic Azobenzene Peptides of Increased Flexibility

Structural changes of peptides containing the azobenzene dye 4-aminomethyl-phenylazobenzoic acid (AMPB) are studied with ultrafast spectroscopy. AMPB peptides are a new class of molecules where the photoisomerizable dye azobenzene is linked to the peptide moiety via a flexible methylene spacer. The ultrafast reactions in the femtosecond to nanosecond time domain are investigated for the optical switch AMPB, a linear and cyclic octapeptide, and a bicyclic octapeptide containing an additional disulfide bridge. These molecules with increasing conformational constraints are studied for the cis to trans and the trans to cis photoreactions. For the cis to trans reaction the isomerization of the chromophore occurs fast in the 1-ps range, whereas it is slower (10-ps range) in the trans to cis reaction. In all peptides the structural changes of the chromophore lead to modifications in the peptide structure in the 10-ps–1-ns time range. The results indicate that the chromophore AMPB acts simultaneously as a fast molecular switch and as a sensor for initial conformational dynamics in the peptide. Experiments in the mid-infrared range where the structural changes of the peptide backbone are directly observed demonstrate that the essential part of the structural dynamics in the bicyclic AMPB peptide occurs faster than 10 ns