Pathogens inactivation kinetics in co-digestion of swine manure and swine carcass.

ABSTRACT: Swine intensive production increases the necessity of efficient manure management and treatment. Additionally, animal carcasses disposal inside or outside animal rearing farms is under concern and object of discussion because biosecurity protocols. Anaerobic digestion has a potential to convert biodegradable organic carbon into biogas. Swine manure and swine carcass co-digestion could be a feasible alternative to treat these residues and generate a renovable energy source. However, biodigestion has limited capacity to remove pathogenic micro-organisms and this must be studied to minimize the biologic risks and assure safe disposal and use of digestate. Considering this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enterica ? serovar Senftenberg (S. Senftenberg) inactivation kinetics during swine manure and swine carcass co-digestion. The inactivation experiments were conducted in triplicates, where different inactivation strategies were performed at two temperatures (24ºC and 37ºC).Two swine carcass/swine manure ratios were studied(3kgcarcass.m-3 manureand 15 kgcarcass.m-3 manure). S. Senftenberg was total inactivated after 10 days for both temperature and both ratios of swine carcass/swine manure. At 37ºC and ratio of 3kgcarcass.m-3 manureE.coli was total inactivated after 10 days and at ratio 15 kgcarcass.m-3 manureafter 8 days. At 24ºC it were necessary 25 days and 31 days for relations 15kg.m-3 and 3kg.m-3 respectively. Digestion temperature influenced the inactivation process being more pronounced for E. coli. In batch reactors operating at 37ºC it is suggested hydraulic retention time (HRT) greater than 10 days for total elimination of E.coli and S. Senftenberg, while at 24ºC for at least 30 days

Associação do marcador LEPR com composição da coxa em frango de corte.

Projeto/Plano de Ação: 01.06.10.602-03

Associação de um marcador molecular no gene da Grelina com características de integridade óssea em frangos de corte.

Projeto/Plano de Ação: 06.09.06.001

Isolamento de um fragmento do gene de lipase de staphylococcus xylosus U5 e AD1.

Projeto/Plano de Ação: 03.08.06.009-02

Using crystallography tools to improve vaccine formulations

This article summarizes developments attained in oral vaccine formulations based on the encapsulation of antigen proteins inside porous silica matrices.These vaccine vehicles show great efficacy in protecting the proteins from the harsh acidic stomach medium, allowing the Peyer s patches in the small intestine to be reached and consequently enhancing immunity. Focusing on the pioneering research conducted at the Butantan Institute in Brazil, the optimization of the antigen encapsulation yield is reported, as well as their distribution inside the meso and macroporous network of the porous silica. As the development of vaccines requires proper inclusion of antigens in the antibody cells, X ray crystallography is one of the most commonly used techniques to unveil the structure of antibody combining sites with protein antigens. Thus structural characterization and modelling of pure antigen structures, showing different dimensions, as well as their complexes, such as silica with encapsulated hepatitis B virus like particles and diphtheria anatoxin, were performed using small angle X ray scattering, X ray absorption spectroscopy, X ray phase contrast tomography, and neutron and X ray imaging. By combining crystallography with dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, a clearer picture of the proposed vaccine complexes is shown. Additionally, the stability of the immunogenic complex at different pH values and temperatures was checked and the efficacy of the proposed oral immunogenic complex was demonstrated. The latter was obtained by comparing the antibodies in mice with variable high and low antibody response