The Influence of Scientific and Technical Progress on the Transformation of Power and Society Resources

The article is devoted to resources of the power and society, their main types and limits on their use. The authors consider the priority and the principles of use of different types resources depending on a stage of scientific and technical progress, a type of society, the level of development of civil society and public control institutes, the character of a political regime. It is noted that in the conditions of transition to post-information (communication) society the main value is gained by non-material resources of the power and society. Special attention is paid to communication and technological resources of the power and society. The authors investigate also different approaches to understanding of network resources, it is noted that they are not only the means of Internet communication and they are not the attribute of exclusively modern society

Spin dynamics of electrons and holes in InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells at milliKelvin temperatures

The carrier spin dynamics in a n-doped (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum well has been studied by time-resolved Faraday rotation and ellipticity techniques in the temperature range down to 430 milliKelvin. These techniques give data with very different spectral dependencies, from which nonetheless consistent information on the spin dynamics can be obtained, in agreement with theoretical predictions. The mechanisms of long-lived spin coherence generation are discussed for the cases of trion and exciton resonant excitation. We demonstrate that carrier localization leads to a saturation of spin relaxation times at 45 ns for electrons below 4.5 K and at 2 ns for holes below 2.3 K. The underlying spin relaxation mechanisms are discussed.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure

Quality of life of patients with different forms of hemophilia on the example of Nizhny Novgorod region

It is important for public health to monitor and improve the health indicators of the population using the system of patient's quality of life (HRQoL) assessment regardless of the nosology of the disease. The use of HRQoL assessment provides health authorities with a tool for additional analysis of the performance of health services and for making decisions about funding priorities. The definition of HRQoL is one of the decisive factors in the calculation of QALYs because it measures the effectiveness of medical treatment in terms of how much it prolongs and/or improves patients' lives. The aim of the study is to determine the QALYs of hemophilia patients in Nizhny Novgorod region by means of electronic questionnaire using the SF-36 questionnaire. Methods. A validated SF-36 short form questionnaire was used in the study, which was distributed to adult patients with hemophilia A, B and Willebrand's disease of Nizhny Novgorod region together with a short form of informed voluntary consent. Twenty-eight people participated in the questionnaire. Calculation of general and final indicators of the HRQoL was carried out according to the instructions for processing data obtained with the SF-36 questionnaire. Results. The lowest score among all respondents was for GH "General Health Status" with a mean value of 61.00, and the highest score was for PF "Physical Functioning" with a mean value of 81.43. The study revealed that the majority of the surveyed patients were receiving Emicizumab (42.86 %). After comparing the ranges of values of the final indicators of physical (PH) and mental (MN') health in patients with different forms of hemophilia, the highest values of HRQoL indicators are observed in patients with hemophilia B, and the highest range of extreme values — in patients with hemophilia A. Conclusion. Patients with different forms of hemophilia are determined to have satisfactory values of HRQoL indicators, as all the results obtained in the course of the questionnaire are above the average value of the indicators. Mean HRQoL scores in patients receiving emicizumab are at a similar level compared to patients receiving other LPs, and fluctuations in HRQoL scores in these patients are less marked than in the other patients with hemophilia A

Economic analysis of the use of drugs for the treatment of hemophilia A, B and Willebrand's disease

Relevance. Therapy of hemophilia A, B and Willebrand's disease is carried out under the program of 14 VZN due to the use of federal budget funds. The use of funding is increasing in line with the growth of the total number of patients. In 2022,85.99 billion rubles were allocated, which corresponds to a 1.5‑fold increase in funding compared to 2018. The aim of the study was to conduct an economic analysis of the use of drugs for the therapy of hemophilia A, B and Willebrand's disease. Methods. The materials for the analysis were the dosing regimen of LPs selected on the basis of clinical recommendations, the availability of LPs in the 14 VZN program, and the prices for LPs from the State Register of maximum selling prices for VED drugs. Costs of on demand prophylaxis and treatment regimens for hemophilia A, B and Willebrand's disease according to clinical recommendations for each INN for all trade names (TN) were assessed. Results. For hemophilia A the number of submitted drugs by INN is 7;IN — 14; of them domestic drugs were submitted — 1. The minimum cost of LPs for prophylaxis is 2 584 764,00 rubles. Coit-DVI (Grifols Therapeutics LLC, USA), and the maximum cost is RUR 9,955,517.21. Advait (Takeda Manufacturing AG, Austria). Forhemophilia B, the number of represented PL — 2 INN; INN — 6; domestic drugs — 2. The minimum cost is RUR 1,559,376.00. Innonafactor (AO Generium, Russia), maximum — 3 079 319,88 rubles for a year course of prophylaxis LP Immunin (TakedaManufacturing, Austria). To stop bleeding in patients with inhibitor form use anti-inhibitor coagulant complex (Feiba, Austria), which is necessary on average 9100 units per 1 patient, and the average cost of application — 430 863,52 rubles or eptacog alpha(activated) (Coagil-VII, Russia) at multiple administration to the patient 6 times a day — maximum cost — 2 739 803,64 rubles or once a day — 293 550,35 rubles. Conclusion. In the structure of drug supply for patients with hemophilia, domestic drugs are represented by 5 names: Octofactor (JSC "Generium", Russia); Agemfil B (FGBU "NMIC Hematology" of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Russia) and Innonafactor (JSC "Generium", Russia); ArioSaven (LLC "PSK Pharma", Russia) and Coagil-VII (JSC "SG Biotech", Russia). There are no domestic drugs available for the therapy of Willebrand's disease

Фармакоэпидемиологический анализ и анализ межлекарственных взаимодействий в терапии хронической почечной и печеночной недостаточности

Objective: to perform pharmacoepidemiological and drug interaction analysis of pharmacotherapy for liver/kidney transplantation.Material and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of multidisciplinary hospital in Nizhny Novgorod, which provides both therapeutic and high-tech surgical care. The object of the study was medical records of 34 patients who had undergone pharmacotherapy for liver/kidney transplantation. We evaluated the particularly dangerous moderate interactions that pose the greatest risk to patient health using Drugs.com electronic resource. Pharmacoepidemiologic assessment was performed using the ATC/DDD methodology (anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification system – defined daily dose (DDD)) recommended by the World Health Organization. The “average bed occupancy per year” was calculated using DDD per 100 bed-days. ABC analysis was used to estimate the costs of drug groups in therapy for liver/kidney transplantation. Results. In most cases, the third generation cephalosporins were used in the therapy of liver/kidney transplant patients (55.56% of all prescriptions). Antimicrobial drugs were mostly prescribed as monotherapy (61.9%). There were 111 potential major (14.41%) and moderate (72.07%) interactions detected. The largest number of moderate type risks was associated with changes in blood pressure levels (in 23.75% of cases – possible decrease, in 10% – increase), 7.5% of cases were accompanied by headaches, 6.25% – by reduction of drug effectiveness. In antimicrobial therapy, two main interactions were found: moxifloxacin – tacrolimus (arrhythmia), and metipred – moxifloxacin (tendon dystrophy), which is 12.5% of all main interactions for 21 case histories. In the ABC analysis, immunosuppressants were in group A (cost share 85.8%). Tacrolimus accounted for the largest amount of consumption: number of defined daily doses (NDDD) per year was 532.27 mg, NDDD per 100 bed days reached 432.18 (the highest among all drugs).Conclusion. Pharmacoepidemiologic analysis allows us to systematize data on medication use. The choice of drugs in order to ensure safe and effective use of the registered drug interactions is facilitated by electronic databases.Цель: проведение фармакоэпидемиологического анализа и анализа межлекарственных взаимодействий при фармакотерапии, сопровождающей трансплантацию печени/почек.Материал и методы. Исследование выполнено на базе многопрофильного стационара г. Нижнего Новгорода, оказывающего как терапевтическую, так и высокотехнологичную хирургическую помощь. Объект исследования – медицинские карты 34 пациентов, проходивших фармакотерапию при трансплантации печени/почек. Оценивали особо опасные умеренные взаимодействия лекарственных препаратов (ЛП), представляющие наибольший риск для здоровья пациента, с помощью электронного ресурса Drugs.com. Фармакоэпидемиологический анализ проводили с использованием рекомендуемой Всемирной организацией здравоохранения методологии ATC/DDD (англ. anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification system – анатомо-терапевтическо-химическая классификация, defined daily dose (DDD) – установленная суточная доза) по показателю DDD за 100 койко-дней, рассчитывали показатель «средняя занятость койки в году». С помощью ABC-анализа оценили затраты на группы ЛП в терапии при трансплантации почек или печени.Результаты. В большинстве случаев в терапии больных при трансплантации печени/почек применялись цефалоспорины третьего поколения (55,56% среди всех назначений). Антимикробные препараты использовали преимущественно в качестве монотерапии (61,9%). Всего обнаружено 111 потенциальных взаимодействий, среди которых основные (major) составили 14,41%, умеренные (moderate) – 72,07%. Наибольшее количество рисков умеренного типа связано с изменением уровня давления (в 23,75% назначений возможно снижение, в 10% – повышение), 7,5% случаев сопровождаются головными болями, 6,25% – снижением эффективности ЛП. При антимикробной терапии обнаружено два основных взаимодействия: моксифлоксацин – такролимус (аритмия) и метипред – моксифлоксацин (дистрофия сухожилий), что составляет 12,5% от всех основных взаимодействий по 21 истории болезни. При проведении АВС-анализа в группу А входят иммунодепрессанты (доля затрат 85,8%). Наибольшее количество потребления приходилось на такролимус: число установленных суточных доз (англ. number of defined daily doses, NDDD) в год составило 532,27 мг, а NDDD за 100 койко-дней – 432,18 мг, что является самым высоким показателем среди всех ЛП.Заключение. Фармакоэпидемиологический анализ позволяет систематизировать данные об использовании ЛП. Выбор ЛП с целью обеспечения безопасного и эффективного применения зарегистрированных межлекарственных взаимодействий упрощается при использовании электронных баз данных

Genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants-regenerants produced by anther culture

The study of genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants-regenerants produced by anther culture method from hybrids involved in the Latvian wheat breeding programme was performed. Flow cytometry was used to test ploidy of 3×103 cells of each green plantregenerant, and universal retrotransposon based iPBS (inter primer binding sites) method were used to establish genetic diversity of plants-regenerants. Progenies of 13 genetically distant hybrids were involved in the study. Most of plants-regenerants have leaves with mixoploid cells. Seeds were formed only by plants-regenerants that had cells with (2n = 6x) ploidy. Majority of fertile plantsregenerants have more than 40 % of hexaploid (6x) cells. The percentage of 6x cells in plants-regenerants and diversity in cell ploidy demonstrated association with mother plant (hybrid) genotype. Percent of spontaneous diplodization was also genotype-dependent. In this experiment colchicine treatment had no significant influence on outcome of fertile plants- regenerants. New dominant allele in a hybrid plant was found in comparison with both parents what indicated possible retrotransposon moving. Genetic diversity of the plants-regenerants obtained in anther culture is a combination of parent’s allele segregation and somaclonal variation

Additional criteria for stratifying the ischemic stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation and one non-sex-related score on the CHA2DS2-VASC scale due to arterial hypertension

Purpose. Identification of characteristics, not included in the CHA2DS2-VASc scale, affecting the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and one non-sex-related risk factor (RF), due to arterial hypertension (AH), of thromboembolic events on this scale.Цель. Выявление не входящих в шкалу CHA2DS2-VASc характеристик, влияющих на риск ишемического инсульта у пациентов с фибрилляцией предсердий (ФП) и одним не связанным с половой принадлежностью фактором риска (ФР) тромбоэмболических осложнений по этой шкале, обусловленным артериальной гипертонией (АГ) Материалы и методы. Проведено исследование «случай-контроль» по данным ретроспективного анализа историй болезни пациентов с ФП

Применение вискоэластиков в офтальмохирургии

Ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs) entered clinical practice at the end of 20th century. OVDs are pharmacologically inactive, clear, highly viscous and elastic fluids that have both the properties of gels and solids. Their properties depend on molecular weight and concentration which are the determinants of OVD behavior in surgery. OVDs are classified based upon their behavior in surgery. The first classification distinguished dispersives (with lower viscosity) and cohesives (higher viscosity). 1 million Daltons have been used as a dividing line between a cohesive and dispersive agent. The subsequent development of viscoadaptives (Healon5) and higher viscosity dispersives (DisCoVisc) required the classification to be revised. This novel classification includes Cohesion-Dispersion Index (CDI). The paper reviews current OVD classification and the properties of different OVDs. OVDs are primarily used in cataract surgery to protect corneal endothelium from the direct contact with lens fragments and irrigation fluid, to maintain a deep anterior chamber and to keep iris lens diaphragm backward, to dilate the pupil, to prevent anterior capsule flap from curling, to dissect anterior and posterior synechias, to separate lens nucleus from the cortex and capsule (i.e., to perform viscodissection), to facilitate nuclear rotation in the capsular bag, to fill anterior chamber and capsular bag, and to flatten capsular bag. Beginning from 1980, OVDs are used in glaucoma surgery to maintain anterior chamber depth following trabeculectomy, thus lowering the incidence of hypotony, anterior chamber shallowing, and choroidal detachment. In addition, OVDs are used in choroidal detachment surgery. Most papers describe the injection of sodium hyaluronate. Finally, OVDs are used to dilate Schlemm's canal in the course of viscocanalostomy, to perform viscogoniosynechiolysis in anterior chamber angle closure, and to protect corneal endothelium when applying cytostatic agent at the surgical site.Вискоэластики вошли в клиническую практику офтальмохирургов с конца прошлого века. Это группа фармакологически неактивных, прозрачных жидкостей с высокой вязкостью и эластичностью, одновременно обладающих свойствами гелей и твердых тел. Свойства вискоэластиков зависят от молекулярной массы и концентрации, что определяет их поведение в процессе хирургического вмешательства и стало основой существующих классификаций. В первой классификации выделяли вискоэластики дисперсные (с меньшей вязкостью) и когезивные (с большей вязкостью). Условной границей между ними является молекулярная масса в 1 млн дальтон. Появление вискоадаптивных материалов (Healon5) и дисперсных вискоэластиков с высокой вязкостью (DisCoVisc) потребовало пересмотра классификации с включением когезивно-дисперсного индекса. В обзоре анализируются современные классификации вискоэластиков и рассматриваются свойства их различных видов. Преимущественное значение вискоэластики имеют в факохирургии, где применяются для решения следующих задач: защита заднего эндотелия роговицы от прямого контакта с фрагментами хрусталика и ирригационной жидкостью, углубление передней камеры с репозицией иридо-хрусталиковой диафрагмы и стекловидного тела, расширение зрачка, смещение края передней капсулы и профилактика его сворачивания, разрушение передних и задних синехий, вискодиссекция ядра хрусталика, облегчение вращения ядра в капсульной сумке, выведение ядра при инъекции вискоэластика под него, наполнение и расправление капсульной сумки и передней камеры. С 1980 г. вискоэластики стали применяться в глаукомной хирургии для поддержания желаемого объема передней камеры после трабекулэктомии, что позволило снизить частоту развития гипотонии, мелкой передней камеры и отслойки сосудистой оболочки. Помимо интраоперационного применения, вискоэластики заняли свое место в хирургическом лечении уже состоявшейся отслойки сосудистой оболочки. Большинство работ по этой теме касаются введения различных препаратов гиалуроната натрия. Из других способов применения вискоэластиков следует отметить расширение просвета шлеммова канала при выполнении вискоканалостомии, вискогониосинехиолизис при закрытии угла передней камеры, а также защиту эпителия роговицы при обработке хирургической зоны раствором цитостатика

Phosphate-modified CpG oligonucleotides induce in vitro maturation of human myeloid dendritic cells

Myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in the immune response; therefore, the search for compounds that can effectively activate DCs is a needful goal. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) on the maturation and allostimulatory activity of myeloid DCs in comparison with other PAMP and DAMP molecules. For the research, we synthesized known CpG-ODN class C (SD-101 and D-SL03) containing thiophosphate internucleotide groups, and their original phosphate-modified analogues (SD-101M and D-SL03M) with mesylphosphoramide internucleotide groups (M = μ-modification). The effects of CpG-ODN and other activators were evaluated on DCs generated from blood monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IFN-α (IFN-DC) or IL-4 (IL4-DC). Evaluation of the intracellular TLR-9 expression showed that both types of DCs (IFN-DC and IL4-DC) contained on average 52 and 80 % of TLR-9-positive cells, respectively. The CpG-ODNs studied enhanced the allostimulatory activity of IFN-DCs, and the effect of μ-modified CpG-ODNs was higher than that of CpG-ODNs with thiophosphate groups. The stimulating effect of CpG-ODN at a dose of 1.0 μg/ml was comparable (for D-SL03, D-SL03M, SD-101) with or exceeded (for SD-101M) the effect of LPS at a dose of 10 μg/ml. At the same time, IFN-DCs were characterized by greater sensitivity to the action of CpG-ODNs than IL4-DCs. The enhancement of DC allostimulatory activity in the presence of CpG-ODNs was associated with the induction of final DC maturation, which was confirmed by a significant decrease in the number of CD14+DC, an increase in mature CD83+DC and a trend towards an increase in CD86+DC. Interestingly, the characteristic ability of LPS to enhance the expression of the co-stimulatory molecule OX40L on DCs was revealed only for the μ-analogue SD-101M. In addition, CpG-ODNs (SD-101 and SD-101M) had a stimulatory effect on IFN-γ production comparable to the action of LPS. The data obtained indicate a stimulating effect of CpG-ODN on the maturation and allostimulatory activity of human myeloid DCs, which is more pronounced for μ-modified analogs