Effect of Grape Pomace Powder, Mangosteen Peel Powder and Monensin on Nutrient Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, Nitrogen Balance and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Dairy Steers

This study was designed to investigate the effect of grape pomace powder (GPP), mangosteen peel powder (MPP) and monensin on feed intake, nutrients digestibility, microorganisms, rumen fermentation characteristic, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance in dairy steers. Four, rumen fistulated dairy steers with initial body weight (BW) of 220±15 kg were randomly assigned according to a 4×4 Latin square design to receive four treatments. The treatments were as follows: T1 = control, T2 = supplementation with monensin at 33 mg/kg diet, T3 = supplementation with GPP at 2% of dry matter intake, and T4 = supplementation with MPP at 30 g/kg diet. The steers were offered the concentrate diet at 0.2% BW and 3% urea treated rice straw (UTRS) was fed ad libitum. It was found that GPP supplemented group had higher UTRS intake and nutrient digestibility in terms of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber than those in control group (p<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and blood urea-nitrogen concentration were higher in monensin, GPP and MPP supplemented groups (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acids and propionate in the GPP group were higher than those in the control group (p<0.05) while acetate concentration, and acetate to propionate ratio were decreased (p<0.01) when steers were supplemented with GPP, monensin, and MPP, respectively. Moreover, protozoal populations in GPP, MPP, and monensin supplementation were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05), while cellulolytic bacterial population was significantly higher in the control group (p<0.05). Nitrogen retention, microbial crude protein and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis were found significantly higher in steers that received GPP (p<0.05). Based on this study it could be concluded that the GPP has potential as an alternative feed supplement in concentrate diets which can result in improved rumen fermentation efficiency, digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in steers fed on treated rice straw

EFFECT OF CENTELLA ASIATICA POWDER (CAP) AND MANGOSTEEN PEEL POWDER (MPP) ON RUMEN FERMENTATION AND MICROBIAL POPULATION IN SWAMP BUFFALOES

ABSTRCT Four, rumen-fistulated swamp buffalo bulls were randomly assigned to receive dietary treatments according to a 4x4 Latin square design. Four treatments were as follows; un-supplementation (control); supplementation with Centella asiatica powder (CAP) at 25 g/kg; supplementation with Mangosteen peel power (MPP) at 25 g/kg; CAP at 25 g/kg and MPP at 25 g/kg (CAMP) of total dry matter intake (DMI). Animals were fed with concentrate at 30 g/kg BW. Rice straw, water and mineral salt block were offered ad libitum. The experiment was conducted for 4 periods, and each period lasted for 21 days, while the last 7 days was for sample collection. The results revealed that the proportion of ruminal acetic acid was decreased whereas propionic acid increased (P&lt;0.05) by supplementation as compared to control group. Similarly, methane emission was lesser (P&lt;0.05) in the CAP and CAMP as compared to control group. While, ruminal protozoal population was dramatically decreased (P&lt;0.05) with the CAP and MPP supplementation; whilst, the CAMP treatment had a higher (P&lt;0.05) fungal zoospore population when compared to the control group. Moreover, community of DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of rumen fluid and digesta by the repeated bead beating plus column (RBB+C) method, Real-time PCR amplification and detection were performed in a Chromo 4™ system (Bio-Rad, USA), the use of real-time PCR technique provided the data that the population of protozoa was reduced (p&lt;0.05) by CAMP supplementation; whereas instead, the population of F. succinogenes were increased (p&lt;0.05) by the CAP and CAMP supplementation. Dietary supplementation had no effect on total bacterial population, and R. flavefaciens, R. albus. In conclusion, CAP or MPP supplementation improved rumen fermentation by positively affecting the ruminal microbial population in swamp buffaloes fed on rice straw