Gain antenna measurement using single cut near field measurements

Some antennas require rapid validation at a reduced measurement distance while maintaining sufficient accuracy in the determination of pertinent antenna parameters such as gain. In particular, for cellular base station antennas in production phase the measurement time can be a limitation. In these cases, a rapid check of the radiation performance in the two main planes is sufficient. Other examples are phase arrays with high degree of steering that would require considerable measurement time for characterizing all steering positions. This paper presents a near-field antenna test procedure providing single or double main plane patterns including the gain. The procedure is applicable to antennas, with separable excitation in the two main planes. The test set-up is based on an azimuth positioner and near to far-field transformation based on expansion in cylindrical modes. The paper shows results for gain measurements. Near to far-field transformation is performed using the cylindrical modes expansion assuming a zero-height cylinder. This allows the use of a FFT in the calculation of the far field pattern including probe correction. In the case of gain, the near to far-field transformation factor is calculated for bore sight direction, taking advantage of the separable excitation properties of the antenna. This factor is used in the gain calculation by comparison technique

Static and dynamic effective stress coefficient of chalk

Deformation of a hydrocarbon reservoir can ideally be used to estimate the effective stress acting on it. The effective stress in the subsurface is the difference between the stress due to the weight of the sediment and a fraction (effective stress coefficient) of the pore pressure. The effective stress coefficient is thus relevant for studying reservoir deformation and for evaluating 4D seismic for the correct pore pressure prediction. The static effective stress coefficient [Formula: see text] is estimated from mechanical tests and is highly relevant for effective stress prediction because it is directly related to mechanical strain in the elastic stress regime. The corresponding dynamic effective stress coefficient [Formula: see text] is easy to estimate from density and velocity of acoustic (elastic) waves. We studied [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of chalk from the reservoir zone of the Valhall field, North Sea, and found that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] vary with differential stress (overburden stress-pore pressure). For Valhall reservoir chalk with 40% porosity, [Formula: see text] ranges between 0.98 and 0.85 and decreases by 10% if the differential stress is increased by 25 MPa. In contrast, for chalk with 15% porosity from the same reservoir, [Formula: see text] ranges between 0.85 and 0.70 and decreases by 5% due to a similar increase in differential stress. Our data indicate that [Formula: see text] measured from sonic velocity data falls in the same range as for [Formula: see text], and that [Formula: see text] is always below unity. Stress-dependent behavior of [Formula: see text] is similar (decrease with increasing differential stress) to that of [Formula: see text] during elastic deformation caused by pore pressure buildup, for example, during waterflooding. By contrast, during the increase in differential stress, as in the case of pore pressure depletion due to production, [Formula: see text] increases with stress while [Formula: see text] decreases.</jats:p