Potential contribution of ancient introgression to the evolution of a derived reproductive strategy in ricefishes

Transitions from no parental care to extensive care are costly and involve major changes in life history, behaviour and morphology. Nevertheless, in Sulawesi ricefishes, pelvic brooding evolved from transfer brooding in two distantly related lineages within the genera Adrianichthys and Oryzias, respectively. Females of pelvic brooding species carry their eggs attached to their belly until the fry hatches. Despite their phylogenetic distance, both pelvic brooding lineages share a set of external morphological traits. A recent study found no direct gene flow between pelvic brooding lineages, suggesting independent evolution of the derived reproductive strategy. Convergent evolution can, however, also rely on repeated sorting of pre-existing variation of an admixed ancestral population, especially when subjected to similar external selection pressures. We thus used a multi-species coalescent (MSC) model and D-statistics to identify gene-tree - species-tree incongruencies, to evaluate the evolution of pelvic brooding with respect to inter-specific gene flow not only between pelvic brooding lineages, but between pelvic brooding lineages and other Sulawesi ricefish lineages. We found a general network-like evolution in Sulawesi ricefishes and as previously reported, no gene flow between the pelvic brooding lineages. Instead, we found hybridization between the ancestor of pelvic brooding Oryzias and the common ancestor of the Oryzias species from the Lake Poso area. We further detected signs of introgression within the confidence interval of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with pelvic brooding in O. eversi. Our results hint towards a contribution of ancient standing genetic variation to the evolution of pelvic brooding in Oryzias

Avaliação do transporte de atrazina em solos sob diferentes condições de manejo agrícola Evaluation of atrazine transport in soils under different agricultural managements

A pouca informação sobre o movimento de pesticidas em solos brasileiros com manejo de plantio direto torna o conhecimento desse assunto de grande relevância na avaliação de risco de contaminação do solo e de lençóis de água. Os experimentos simularam chuvas intensas com fluxo contínuo por meio de uma nova técnica para a determinação simultânea das propriedades de advecção, difusão e sorção, representando o transporte de contaminantes ao longo do perfil de solo estudado. Os resultados mostraram que as propriedades físico-químicas não se correlacionam com a permeabilidade do solo e a lixiviação da atrazina. A condutividade 10 vezes maior no plantio direto (PD) e sistema natural (SN) do que no sistema convencional (SC) e solo subsuperficial (SUB) sugere que o processo de advecção ocorre predominantemente através dos macroporos por fluxo preferencial, que são destruídos na aração do SC. Dessa forma, a condição de fluxo contínuo, representando fortes chuvas, faz com que a lixiviação em PD seja maior que em SC, contrariando dados da literatura em experimentos de campo com chuvas intermitentes, os quais mostraram menor lixiviação em PD comparado ao SC. Os riscos de contaminação dos lençóis de água não são determinados apenas pelo manejo do solo, mas também pelas condições pluviométricas intensas nos trópicos, com perspectivas de ainda serem maiores nos cenários de mudanças climáticas.<br>The scarcity of information on pesticide transport in tropical soils under no-tillage is disproportional to the relevance of knowledge in the evaluation of the risk of soil and ground water contamination. The experiments simulated strong rains with continuous water flow using a new method for simultaneous advection, diffusion and sorption measurement, representing pesticide transport along the different studied soil layers. Results showed no correlation between soil permeability and atrazine leaching. The ten times higher permeability in no-tillage (NT) and natural soils (SN) than in the conventional system (CS) and subsurface soil (SUB) indicated that advection occurs predominantly by preferential flow through macropores that are destroyed by tilling in the conventional system. The leaching under continuous flow representing strong rains was higher under NT than in the CS, opposite to reports in literature of field experiments with intermittent rain, stating lower leaching under NT than CS. The contamination risk of ground water is therefore not only determined by the management system but also by the intensive pluviometric conditions in the tropics, tending to increase in the scenario of climate changes