84 research outputs found
Controlling a master switch of adipocyte development and insulin sensitivity: Covalent modifications of PPARĪ³
Adipocytes are highly specialized cells that play a central role in lipid homeostasis and the maintenance of energy balance. Obesity, an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, is a major risk factor for the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. A variety of studies suggest that obesity and T2DM can be linked to a breakdown in the regulatory mechanisms that control the expression and transcriptional activity of PPARĪ³. PPARĪ³ is a nuclear hormone receptor that functions as a master switch in controlling adipocyte differentiation and development. Also important in controlling glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, PPARĪ³ is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that is the functional receptor for the anti-diabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs). In the last fifteen years, a variety of covalent modifications of PPARĪ³ activity have been identified and studied. These covalent modifications include phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, O-GlcNAcylation and SUMOylation. Covalent modifications of PPARĪ³ represent key regulatory mechanisms that control both PPARĪ³ protein stability and transcriptional activity. A variety of PPARĪ³ transgenic models, including mice heterozygous for PPARĪ³, have demonstrated the importance of PPARĪ³ expression in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. In the following review, we have highlighted the regulation of PPARĪ³ by covalent modifications, the interplay between these interactions and how these post-translational modifications impact metabolic disease states. Ā© 2012 Elsevier B.V
Interferon-Ī³-mediated activation and ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation of PPARĪ³ in adipocytes
Interferon-Ī³ (IFNĪ³) treatment of adipocytes results in a down-regulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Ī³ (PPARĪ³). The decrease in PPARĪ³ expression is mediated by inhibition of PPARĪ³ synthesis and increased degradation of PPARĪ³. In this study, we demonstrate that both PPARĪ³1 and PPARĪ³2 are targeted to the proteasome under basal conditions and that PPARĪ³1 is more labile than PPARĪ³2. The IFNĪ³-induced increase in PPARĪ³ turnover is blocked by proteasome inhibition and is accompanied by an increase in PPARĪ³-polyubiquitin conjugates. In addition, IFNĪ³ treatment results in the transcriptional activation of PPARĪ³. Similar to ligand-dependent activation of PPARĪ³, IFNĪ³-induced activation was greater in the phosphorylation-deficient S112A form of PPARĪ³ when compared with wild-type PPARĪ³. Moreover, the inhibition of ERKs 1 and 2 with a MEK inhibitor, U1026, lead to an inhibition in the decay of PPARĪ³ proteins, indicating that serine phosphorylation influences the degradation of PPARĪ³ in fat cells. Our results also demonstrate that the proteasome-dependent degradation of PPARĪ³ does not require nuclear export. Taken together, these results indicate that PPARĪ³ is targeted to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for degradation under basal conditions and that IFNĪ³ leads to an increased targeting of PPARĪ³ to the ubiquitin-proteasome system in a process that is affected by ERK-regulated serine phosphorylation of PPARĪ³ proteins
STAT5A promotes adipogenesis in nonprecursor cells and associates with the glucocorticoid receptor during adipocyte differentiation
The differentiation of adipocytes is regulated by the activity of a variety of transcription factors, including peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-Ī³ and C/EBPĪ±. Our current study demonstrates that ectopic expression of STAT5A, such as that of PPAR-Ī³ and C/EBPĪ±, promotes adipogenesis in two nonprecursor fibroblast cell lines. Using morphologic and biochemical criteria, we have demonstrated that STAT5A and the combination of STAT5A and STAT5B are sufficient to induce the expression of early and late adipogenic markers in BALB/c and NIH-3T3 cells. Yet, the ectopic expression of STAT5B alone does not induce the expression of adipocyte genes, but enhances the induction of these genes in cells also expressing STAT5A. This finding suggests that STAT5A and STAT5B do not function identically in adipocytes. In addition, these studies demonstrate that the phosphorylation of STAT5 proteins may play a role in adipogenesis. Moreover, we have shown that STAT5A is associated with the glucocorticoid receptor during adipogenesis in a highly regulated manner
Control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Ī³2 stability and activity by SUMOylation
Objective: To determine whether small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)ylation of lysine 107 plays a role in regulating the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Ī³ (PPARĪ³). Research Methods and Procedures: Transient expression of wild-type and K107R-PPARĪ³2 in the NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell line was carried out in conjunction with half-life studies, luciferase activity assays, and indirect immunofluorescence localization studies. Additional in vitro analysis was carried out using recombinant SUMOylation pathway proteins along with in vitro transcribed and translated wild-type or K107R-PPARĪ³2 to examine the SUMO-1 modification state of wild-type and SUMO-deficient K107R-PPARĪ³2. Results: While examining PPARĪ³2 for potential ubiquitylation sites, we identified a strong consensus site for SUMO modification that contains lysine 107. In vitro, SUMOylation studies showed that lysine 107 of PPARĪ³2 is a major SUMOylation site and that at least one other SUMOylation site is present in PPARĪ³. In addition, our results demonstrated that SUMO-1 affects PPARĪ³ stability and transcriptional activity but not the nuclear localization of PPARĪ³. Discussion: These results indicated that SUMOylation plays a role in regulating PPARĪ³, both indirectly and directly by modification of lysine 107. Because PPARĪ³ is regulated in numerous animal models of obesity, understanding the covalent modifications of PPARĪ³ may enhance our understanding of the metabolic syndrome. Copyright Ā© 2004 NAASO
Siah2 protein mediates early events in commitment to an adipogenic pathway
Ā© 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. Adipose tissue expansion occurs by increasing the size of existing adipocytes or by increasing the number of adipocytes via adipogenesis. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity is associated with adipocyte hypertrophy and impaired adipogenesis. We recently demonstrated that deletion of the ubiquitin ligase Siah2 is associated with enlarged adipocytes in lean or obese mice. In this study, we find that adipogenesis is impaired in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes stably transfected with Siah2 shRNA and that overexpression of Siah2 in non-precursor fibroblasts promotes adipogenesis. In the 3T3-L1 model, loss of Siah2 is associated with sustained Ī²-catenin expression post-induction, but depletion of Ī²-catenin only partially restores PPARĪ³ expression and adipocyte formation. Using wild-type and Siah2-/- adipose tissue and adipose stromal vascular cells, we observe that Siah2 influences the expression of several factors that control adipogenesis, including Wnt pathway genes, Ī²-catenin, Zfp432, and Bmp-4. Consistent with increased Ī²-catenin levels in shSiah2 preadipocytes, Wnt10b is elevated in Siah2-/- adipose tissue and remains elevated in Siah2-/- primary stromal cells after addition of the induction mixture. However, addition of BMP-4 to Siah2-/- stromal cells reduces Wnt10b expression, reduces Zfp521 protein levels, and increases expression of Zfp423, a transcriptional regulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Ī³ expression that controls commitment to adipogenesis and is repressed by Zfp521. These results indicate that Siah2 acts upstream of BMP-4 to regulate factors that control the commitment of adipocyte progenitors to an adipogenic pathway. Our findings reveal an essential role for Siah2 in the early events that signal undifferentiated progenitor cells to become mature adipocytes
Fine-Tuning Reception in the Bone: PPARĪ³ and Company
PPARĪ³ plays a central role in the formation of fat. Regulation of PPARĪ³ activity depends on numerous factors ranging from dietary ligands to nuclear hormone coactivators and corepressors to oxygen-sensing mechanisms. In addition, the interplay of PPARĪ³ with other nuclear hormone receptors has implications for the balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells of the bone marrow stroma. This review will explore a range of factors influencing PPARĪ³ activity and how these interactions may affect osteogenesis
Interferon-Ī³-induced Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Ī³ and STATs in Adipocytes
Interferon-Ī³ (IFN-Ī³) is known primarily for its roles in immunological responses but also has been shown to affect fat metabolism and adipocyte gene expression. To further investigate the effects of IFN-Ī³ on fat cells, we examined the effects of this cytokine on the expression of adipocyte transcription factors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Although IFN-Ī³ regulated the expression of several adipocyte transcription factors, IFN-Ī³ treatment resulted in a rapid reduction of both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) protein and mRNA. A 48-h exposure to IFN-Ī³ also resulted in a decrease of both CCAAT/enhancer-binding Ī± and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP-1) expression. The short half-life of both the PPARĪ³ mRNA and protein likely contributed to the rapid decline of both cytosolic and nuclear PPARĪ³ in the presence of IFN-Ī³. Our studies clearly demonstrated that the IFN-Ī³-induced loss of PPARĪ³ protein is partially inhibited in the presence of two distinct proteasome inhibitors. Moreover, IFN-Ī³ also inhibited the transcription of PPARĪ³, which was accompanied by a decrease in PPARĪ³ mRNA accumulation. In addition, exposure to IFN-Ī³ resulted in a substantial increase in STAT I expression and a small increase in STAT 3 expression. IFN-Ī³ treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes (48-96 h) resulted in a substantial inhibition of insulin-sensitive glucose uptake. These data clearly demonstrate that IFN-Ī³ treatment results in the development of insulin resistance, which is accompanied by the regulation of various adipocyte transcription factors, in particular the synthesis and degradation of PPARĪ³
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